“…Heavy metal contamination in the soil and underground water seriously threatens surrounding fragile environments and human health ( Kim et al, 2001 ; Mohan et al, 2006 ; Bai et al, 2017 ; Chang et al, 2019 ; Chen et al, 2022a ; Hu et al, 2020 ; Bai et al, 2021 ; Hu et al, 2021 ; Liu et al, 2021 ; Xue et al, 2021 ; Hu et al, 2022 ; Wang et al, 2022 ). Such heavy metal contamination remediation by the traditional soil flushing measure is deemed time-consuming and costly since heavy metal ions are easily adsorbed by soil particles, and intensive industrial activities further aggravate heavy metal contamination ( Yang et al, 2014 ; An et al, 2019 ; Kumar and Dwivedi, 2019 ; Bai et al, 2021 ; Cheng et al, 2021 ; Duan et al, 2021 ; Wei et al, 2021 ; Yuan et al, 2021 ; Chen et al, 2022b ). In the past few years, various remediation measures, including but not limited to physical, chemical, and biological measures, have been proposed to deal with heavy-metal contamination ( Dhami et al, 2013 ; Shashank et al, 2016 ; Qian et al, 2017 ; Rahman et al, 2020 ; Ahenkorah et al, 2021a ; Hu et al, 2021 ; Jiang et al, 2021 ; and Xue et al, 2022 ).…”