Simultaneous Quantitative Determination of Cadmium, Lead, and Copper on Carbon‐Ink Screen‐Printed Electrodes by Differential Pulse Anodic Stripping Voltammetry and Partial Least Squares Regression

Abstract

Water is a vital commodity for every living entity on the planet. However, water resources are threatened by various sources of contamination from pesticides, hydrocarbons and heavy metals. This has resulted in the development of concepts and technologies to create a basis for provision of safe and high quality drinking water. This paper focuses on the simultaneous quantitative determination of three common contaminants, the heavy metals cadmium, lead and copper. Multivariate calibration was applied to voltammograms acquired on in-house printed carbon-ink screenprinted electrodes by the highly sensitive electrochemical method of differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV). The statistically inspired modification of partial least squares (SIMPLS) algorithm was employed to effect the multivariate calibration. The application of data pretreatment techniques involving range-scaling, mean-centering, weighting of variables and the effects of peak realignment are also investigated. It was found that peak realignment in conjunction with weighting and SIMPLS led to the better overall root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) value. This work represents significant progress in the development of multivariate calibration tools in conjunction with analytical techniques for water quality determination. It is the first time that multivariate calibration has been performed on DPASV voltammograms acquired on carbon-ink screen-printed electrodes.

Barium Hydrogen Phosphate Modified Carbon Paste Electrode for the Simultaneous Determination of Cadmium and Lead by Differential Pulse Anodic Stripping Voltammetry

“…At present, a variety of modified electrodes such as, antimony film carbon paste [6], exfoliated graphite oxide [7], multi walled carbon nanotubes-Nafion/bismuth composite [8], bismuth nanopowder [9], Nafion coated bismuth film [10], carbon ink [11], calixarene/Nafion modified bismuth film [12], zirconium phosphate amorphous silica modified carbon paste [13] calcium-hydroxyapatite modified carbon paste [14], thiol functionalized mesoporous silica and Nafion composite [15], Nafion-graphene nanocomposite film [16], antimony film [17], bismuth film modified electrodes [18][19][20], bismuth nanoparticles modified boron-doped diamond [21] and antimony nanoparticle modified boron doped diamond electrode [22] are reported for the detection of heavy metal ions like Cd(II) and Pb(II). Although all the reported materials showed improved stripping signals, new materials are still needed to develop highly sensitive and antifouling metal ion sensing platform.…”

Electrochemical Determination of Cu(II) Ions by 4‐Formylphenylboronic Acid Modified Gold Electrode

“…The characterization by EIS technique was performed in the presence of 1.0 mM equiv.-molar K 3 ) in 100 mM KCl using EIS 300 software purchased from Gamry Instruments (Warminster, USA). The surface morphology was characterized by AFM Bioscope II from VEECO Instruments, (Santa Barbara, USA) by tapping mode in air atmosphere with antimony n-doped Si cantilever.…”

“…The determination of pollution by heavy metals such as copper, mercury, lead, zinc and cadmium is of special concern because of the formation of complexes with proteins [1] and their high toxicity [2][3][4]. The heavy metal ions are hazardous to ecosystems and can cause serious danger to human population because of their accumulation in organs including liver, heart, brain etc.…”

Comparison of Different PLS Algorithms for Simultaneous Determination of Cd(II), Cu(II), Pb(II), and Zn(II) by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry at Bismuth Film Electrode

“…A successful alternative is the use of multivariate calibration methods 7–9. The main advantage of multivariate procedures is the possibility of a one‐voltammogram simultaneous determination of multiple analytes in the presence of unknown interferents or complex chemical matrices, even if the signal selectivity is poor.…”