Simultaneous quantification of nicotine salts in e-liquids by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS

Han, Shulei; Chen, Huan; Y, Su; Cui, Lili; Feng, Pengxia; Fu, Yaning; Tian, Yushan; Liu, Tong; Hou, Hongwei; Hu, Qingyuan

doi:10.1039/d2ay00799a

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Furthermore, our results suggest that the effect of nicotinic salts on increasing DA release is positively correlated with blood and filter nicotine levels; however, the strength of the increase varies among nicotinic salts. Nicotine satisfaction is closely related to the protonated and free states of nicotine in the blood (El-Hellani et al, 2015;Talih et al, 2020), and different pH values and organic acid nicotine salts have important effects on the protonated state and stability of nicotine (Han et al, 2022b;Pennings et al, 2023). Our study found that nicotine benzoate and nicotine lactate had a greater ability to increase DA release, and the relationship between their stronger ability and the protonated and free states of nicotine requires further exploration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

Exploring the Key Targets and Compounds That Manipulate Brain Neurocircuits Against Mental Disorders and Psychiatric

2024

Frontiers Research Topics

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Frontiers is more than just an open access publisher of scholarly articles: it is a pioneering approach to the world of academia, radically improving the way scholarly research is managed. The grand vision of Frontiers is a world where all people have an equal opportunity to seek, share and generate knowledge. Frontiers provides immediate and permanent online open access to all its publications, but this alone is not enough to realize our grand goals. Frontiers journal seriesThe Frontiers journal series is a multi-tier and interdisciplinary set of openaccess, online journals, promising a paradigm shift from the current review, selection and dissemination processes in academic publishing. All Frontiers journals are driven by researchers for researchers; therefore, they constitute a service to the scholarly community. At the same time, the Frontiers journal series operates on a revolutionary invention, the tiered publishing system, initially addressing specific communities of scholars, and gradually climbing up to broader public understanding, thus serving the interests of the lay society, too. Dedication to qualityEach Frontiers article is a landmark of the highest quality, thanks to genuinely collaborative interactions between authors and review editors, who include some of the world's best academicians. Research must be certified by peers before entering a stream of knowledge that may eventually reach the public -and shape society; therefore, Frontiers only applies the most rigorous and unbiased reviews. Frontiers revolutionizes research publishing by freely delivering the most outstanding research, evaluated with no bias from both the academic and social point of view. By applying the most advanced information technologies, Frontiers is catapulting scholarly publishing into a new generation. What are Frontiers Research Topics?Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers journals series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

Exploring the Key Targets and Compounds That Manipulate Brain Neurocircuits Against Mental Disorders and Psychiatric

2024

Frontiers Research Topics

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“…Furthermore, our results suggest that the effect of nicotinic salts on increasing DA release is positively correlated with blood and filter nicotine levels; however, the strength of the increase varies among nicotinic salts. Nicotine satisfaction is closely related to the protonated and free states of nicotine in the blood ( El-Hellani et al, 2015 ; Talih et al, 2020 ), and different pH values and organic acid nicotine salts have important effects on the protonated state and stability of nicotine ( Han et al, 2022b ; Pennings et al, 2023 ). Our study found that nicotine benzoate and nicotine lactate had a greater ability to increase DA release, and the relationship between their stronger ability and the protonated and free states of nicotine requires further exploration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacological effects of nicotine salts on dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens

Li,

Lu,

et al. 2023

Front. Pharmacol.

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With the growing number of individuals regularly using e-cigarettes, it has become increasingly important to understand the psychobiological effects of nicotine salts. Nicotine increases the release of dopamine (DA) into the nucleus accumbens (NAc), causing feelings of satisfaction. However, the differences in the DA-increasing effects of different nicotine salts have not been reported. In this study, we used a G protein-coupled receptor-activated DA fluorescent probe (GRABDA1m) and optical fiber photometric recording equipment to monitor the dynamic changes and kinetics of DA release in the NAc of mice exposed to different e-cigarette aerosols, including nicotine, nicotine benzoate, nicotine tartrate, nicotine lactate, nicotine levulinic acid, nicotine malate, and nicotine citrate. The results of this study were as follows: 1) Different types of nicotine salts could increase the release of DA in the NAc. 2) The slopes and half-effective concentrations of the fitted curves were different, suggesting that each nicotine salt had a difference in the efficiency of increasing DA release with concentration changes. 3) The absorption rates of different nicotine salts containing the same original nicotine concentration were significantly different by measuring the blood nicotine content. The effect of nicotine salts on increasing DA was directly proportional to the blood nicotine level. In conclusion, by observing the effects of nicotine salts on DA release in real time in vivo, differences in the pharmacological effects of nicotine salts are revealed to better understand the mechanism underlying the regulatory effects of nicotine salts on the brain.

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“…Eight organic acids were chosen for study (Figure ) based on commercial market relevance: benzoic acid (BA), lactic acid (LA), levulinic acid (LVA), succinic acid (SA), salicylic acid (SLA), tartaric acid (TA), malic acid (MA), and citric acid (CA). Of these, benzoic acid and lactic acid are the most commonly used in commercial products at present. ,, The unadjusted pH values for all e-liquid formulations in this study are shown in Table . For studies on radical formation from nicotine salts with different types of organic acid conjugates, e-liquids were formulated at equimolar ratios (1:1) of nicotine to acid and adjusted to neutral pH using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) when required.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…pH measurements of e-liquids followed the protocols reported in previous studies. ,,, The acidity and basicity of e-cigarette solutions have also been measured with other techniques such as proton NMR and X-ray spectroscopy . The pH values discussed here do not necessarily represent absolute hydronium activity in solution .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of these, benzoic acid and lactic acid are the most commonly used in commercial products at present. 7 , 11 , 34 The unadjusted pH values for all e-liquid formulations in this study are shown in Table 1 . For studies on radical formation from nicotine salts with different types of organic acid conjugates, e-liquids were formulated at equimolar ratios (1:1) of nicotine to acid and adjusted to neutral pH using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) when required.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantification of Free Radicals from Vaping Electronic Cigarettes Containing Nicotine Salt Solutions with Different Organic Acid Types and Concentrations

Tran,

Rao,

Robertson

et al. 2024

Chem. Res. Toxicol.

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Electronic (e-) cigarette formulations containing nicotine salts from a range of organic acid conjugates and pH values have dominated the commercial market. The acids in the nicotine salt formulations may alter the redox environment in e-cigarettes, impacting free radical formation in e-cigarette aerosol. Here, the generation of aerosol mass and free radicals from a fourth-generation e-cigarette device was evaluated at 2 wt % nicotine salts (pH 7, 30:70 mixture propylene glycol to vegetable glycerin) across eight organic acids used in e-liquids: benzoic acid (BA), salicylic acid (SLA), lactic acid (LA), levulinic acid (LVA), succinic acid (SA), malic acid (MA), tartaric acid (TA), and citric acid (CA). Furthermore, 2 wt % BA nicotine salts were studied at the following nicotine to acid ratios: 1:2 (pH 4), 1:1 (pH 7), and 2:1 (pH 8), in comparison with freebase nicotine (pH 10). Radical yields were quantified by spin-trapping and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The EPR spectra of free radicals in the nicotine salt aerosol matched those generated from the Fenton reaction, which are primarily hydroxyl (OH) radicals and other reactive oxygen species (ROS). Although the aerosol mass formation was not significantly different for most of the tested nicotine salts and acid concentrations, notable ROS yields were observed only from BA, CA, and TA under the study conditions. The e-liquids with SLA, LA, LVA, SA, and MA produced less ROS than the 2 wt % freebase nicotine e-liquid, suggesting that organic acids may play dual roles in the production and scavenging of ROS. For BA nicotine salts, it was found that the ROS yield increased with a higher acid concentration (or a lower nicotine to acid ratio). The observation that BA nicotine salts produce the highest ROS yield in aerosol generated from a fourth-generation vape device, which increases with acid concentration, has important implications for ROS-mediated health outcomes that may be relevant to consumers, manufacturers, and regulatory agencies.

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Simultaneous quantification of nicotine salts in e-liquids by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS

Abstract: In this study, a novel approach is presented for the direct simultaneous determination of non-volatile and volatile nicotine salts via liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC-MS).

Cited by 6 publications

References 24 publications

Exploring the Key Targets and Compounds That Manipulate Brain Neurocircuits Against Mental Disorders and Psychiatric

Exploring the Key Targets and Compounds That Manipulate Brain Neurocircuits Against Mental Disorders and Psychiatric

Pharmacological effects of nicotine salts on dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens

Quantification of Free Radicals from Vaping Electronic Cigarettes Containing Nicotine Salt Solutions with Different Organic Acid Types and Concentrations

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