Simultaneous occurrence of a thyromediastinal muscle, a truncus bicaroticobrachialis, and a left superior vena cava

Abstract

A case is presented of a combination of anatomical anomalies found in a 67-year-old female cadaver during routine dissection by medical students. They include a thyromediastinal muscle, a truncus bicaroticobrachialis, and a left superior vena cava, with complete absence of the right superior vena cava, but with a normal azygos vein opening into the right atrium at the expected site of entry of the superior vena cava. No associated congenital cardiac malformations were found. Clinical implications include the difficulty of heart catheterization through the subclavian veins and misleading images on CT or MRI scans, where the azygos vein could be mistaken for a right superior vena cava.

Rare Association of Tetralogy of Fallot with Partially Unroofed Coronary Sinus and PLSVC: Case Report

“…Unroofed coronary sinus is a rare congenital anomaly, and the incidence of persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) in congenital heart disease is about 3-10 % [1]. The combination of tetralogy of Fallot with dextrocardia, large coronary sinus atrial septal defect, partially unroofed coronary sinus, and PLSVC appears to be quite rare and has not been reported previously.…”

“…creted in the urine [1,2]. However, in the case of renal failure or oliguresis, the plasma level of HGA is considerably elevated [1,2].…”

“…creted in the urine [1,2]. However, in the case of renal failure or oliguresis, the plasma level of HGA is considerably elevated [1,2]. Moreover, HGA causes the oxidation of human oxyhemoglobin (i.e., the production of methemoglobin) by superoxide dismutase (SOD) and oxygen radicals that are produced during the process of HGA autoxidation [3].…”

A Case of Abnormal Findings in the Course of the Vertebral Artery Associated with an Ossified Hyoid Apparatus. A Contraindication for Manipulation of the Cervical Spine?

“…19 The formation of the left brachiocephalic vein takes place around the 50th day, soon followed by the obliteration of the left precardinal vein. 22 Given the embryologic time table, it could be argued that some aberrant developments around the 50th day suggest a probable link between the observed anomalies.…”

“…On each side, pre-and postcardinal veins join to form a short common cardinal vein which enters the horizontal sinus venosus at the dorsal side of the primitive heart. 22 The precardinal veins drain the head, neck, and upper extremities and become the jugular and subclavian systems. An anastomosis between the left and right precardinal veins develops around day 50 and becomes the left brachiocephalic vein.…”