Simultaneous multiple injection to perform titration and standard addition in mono-segmented flow analysis

Abstract

An automated system to perform titration and standard addition in monosegemented £ow analysis by employing the simultaneous multiple injection is described. The system was controlled by a PC-AT-386 microcomputer through a home-made parallel interface, employing a diode array spectrophotometer as detector. Software was written in QuickBasic 4.5 to control the system and for data acquisition. A three-way solenoid valve was used in conjunction with a proportional injector to add the titrant solution or the standard solution to the sample, to carry out titration or standard addition, respectively. Only one standard solution was used in each procedure and di¡erent quantities of titrant or standard were added to the sample by controlling the time interval in which the solenoid valve was switched on. Titration and standard addition curves similar to those of the manual methods were obtained in both cases, since the sample dispersion was very low due to the air bubbles of the monosegment. The titration system was evaluated through the determination of Fe(II) with a KMnO 4 standard solution in pharmaceutical preparations. The standard addition process was assessed by determining Cr(VI) in natural waters and domestic wastewater using the diphenylcarbazide method. The results obtained in both methodologies did not di¡er signi¢cantly from the reference methods at a 95% con¢dence level.