Abstract:Abstract. The correlation between neuronal activity and cortical hemodynamics, namely, neurovascular coupling (NVC), is important to shed light on the mechanism of a variety of brain functions or neuronal diseases. NVC can be studied by simultaneously measuring neuronal activity and cortical hemodynamics. Consequently, noninvasive measurements of the NVC have been widely studied using both electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). However, electromagnetic interference betwe… Show more
“…Moreover, an analysis of changes in P100 over successive 5‐sec time frames using our piecewise linear mixed‐effects model showed no significant change in P100 waves, regardless of the duration of visual stimulation. Since the P100 wave originates from the calcarine fissure, where the largest changes in blood flow are also detected during visual stimulations, our findings support the conclusion that the altered dynamics of blood flow responses during neural tasks in patients is not related to a reduction in the neural response, but may rather reflect a decrease in NVC efficiency originating from the vascular bed in the context of neural stimulations that extend over time.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 82%
“…The electrical visual response during the flickering checkerboard stimulation was evaluated based on the amplitude of the P100 wave extracted from the EEG signal obtained through the occipital EEG electrodes. P100 wave is a neural response that occurs around the calcarine fissure in response to a strong contrast change in the visual field . The signals of the three medial occipital channels, O1, Oz, and O2, were averaged to obtain a single signal representative of primary visual cortex activity.…”
Background and ObjectiveNeurovascular coupling is the complex biological process that underlies use‐dependent increases in blood flow in response to neural activation. Neurovascular coupling was investigated at the early stage of CADASIL, a genetic paradigm of ischemic small vessel disease.MethodsFunctional hyperemia and evoked potentials during 20‐ and 40‐sec visual and motor stimulations were monitored simultaneously using arterial spin labeling‐functional magnetic resonance imaging (ASL‐fMRI) and electroencephalography.ResultsCortical functional hyperemia differed significantly between 19 patients and 19 healthy individuals, whereas evoked potentials were unaltered. Functional hyperemia dynamics, assessed using the difference in the slope of the response curve between 15 and 30 sec, showed a time‐shifted decrease in the response to 40‐sec neural stimulations in CADASIL patients. These results were replicated in a second cohort of 10 patients and 10 controls and confirmed in the whole population.InterpretationAlterations of neurovascular coupling occur early in CADASIL and can be assessed by ASL‐fMRI using a simple marker of vascular dysfunction.
“…Moreover, an analysis of changes in P100 over successive 5‐sec time frames using our piecewise linear mixed‐effects model showed no significant change in P100 waves, regardless of the duration of visual stimulation. Since the P100 wave originates from the calcarine fissure, where the largest changes in blood flow are also detected during visual stimulations, our findings support the conclusion that the altered dynamics of blood flow responses during neural tasks in patients is not related to a reduction in the neural response, but may rather reflect a decrease in NVC efficiency originating from the vascular bed in the context of neural stimulations that extend over time.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 82%
“…The electrical visual response during the flickering checkerboard stimulation was evaluated based on the amplitude of the P100 wave extracted from the EEG signal obtained through the occipital EEG electrodes. P100 wave is a neural response that occurs around the calcarine fissure in response to a strong contrast change in the visual field . The signals of the three medial occipital channels, O1, Oz, and O2, were averaged to obtain a single signal representative of primary visual cortex activity.…”
Background and ObjectiveNeurovascular coupling is the complex biological process that underlies use‐dependent increases in blood flow in response to neural activation. Neurovascular coupling was investigated at the early stage of CADASIL, a genetic paradigm of ischemic small vessel disease.MethodsFunctional hyperemia and evoked potentials during 20‐ and 40‐sec visual and motor stimulations were monitored simultaneously using arterial spin labeling‐functional magnetic resonance imaging (ASL‐fMRI) and electroencephalography.ResultsCortical functional hyperemia differed significantly between 19 patients and 19 healthy individuals, whereas evoked potentials were unaltered. Functional hyperemia dynamics, assessed using the difference in the slope of the response curve between 15 and 30 sec, showed a time‐shifted decrease in the response to 40‐sec neural stimulations in CADASIL patients. These results were replicated in a second cohort of 10 patients and 10 controls and confirmed in the whole population.InterpretationAlterations of neurovascular coupling occur early in CADASIL and can be assessed by ASL‐fMRI using a simple marker of vascular dysfunction.
“…• Some devices offer interfaces to allow for multi-modal imaging and have successfully been used for example in simultaneous measurements of fNIRI and MEG (Seki et al, 2012), EEG (Hebden et al, 2012;Leamy and Ward, 2010), fMRI (Habermehl et al, 2012a;Toronov et al, 2001;X. Zhang et al, 2005) and other modalities.…”
Section: Overview Of Commercially Available Imaging Instrumentationmentioning
This year marks the 20th anniversary of functional near-infrared spectroscopy and imaging (fNIRS/fNIRI). As the vast majority of commercial instruments developed until now are based on continuous wave technology, the aim of this publication is to review the current state of instrumentation and methodology of continuous wave fNIRI. For this purpose we provide an overview of the commercially available instruments and address instrumental aspects such as light sources, detectors and sensor arrangements. Methodological aspects, algorithms to calculate the concentrations of oxy-and deoxyhemoglobin and approaches for data analysis are also reviewed. From the single-location measurements of the early years, instrumentation has progressed to imaging initially in two dimensions (topography) and then three (tomography). The methods of analysis have also changed tremendously, from the simple modified Beer-Lambert law to sophisticated image reconstruction and data analysis methods used today. Due to these advances, fNIRI has become a modality that is widely used in neuroscience research and several manufacturers provide commercial instrumentation. It seems likely that fNIRI will become a clinical tool in the foreseeable future, which will enable diagnosis in single subjects. This year marks the 20th anniversary of functional near-infrared spectroscopy and imaging (fNIRS/fNIRI). As the vast majority of commercial instruments developed until now are based on continuous wave technology, the aim of this publication is to review the current state of instrumentation and methodology of continuous wave fNIRI. For this purpose we provide an overview of the commercially available instruments and address instrumental aspects such as light sources, detectors and sensor arrangements. Methodological aspects, algorithms to calculate the concentrations of oxy-and deoxyhemoglobin and approaches for data analysis are also reviewed. From the single-location measurements of the early years, instrumentation has progressed to imaging initially in two dimensions (topography) and then three (tomography). The methods of analysis have also changed tremendously, from the simple modified Beer-Lambert law to sophisticated image reconstruction and data analysis methods used today. Due to these advances, fNIRI has become a modality that is widely used in neuroscience research and several manufacturers provide commercial instrumentation. It seems likely that fNIRI will become a clinical tool in the foreseeable future, which will enable diagnosis in single subjects.
Contents
“…The advantages and disadvantages of CW-type fNIRS compared with other functional imaging instruments (fMRI, PET, and EEG) are shown in Table 1 . fNIRS has the following advantages: (1) non-invasiveness, which allows repetitive measurements, even in infants ( 21 , 22 ); (2) easy setting; (3) small size and portability; (4) high temporal resolution compared with fMRI and PET ( 18 , 20 ); (5) possibility of performing measurements in a non-restrained position, such that participants can sit on a chair, talk, and move their hands; and (6) possibility of relatively easily combining measurements with other neuroimaging techniques, such as EEG ( 23 , 24 ), MRI ( 25 – 30 ), PET ( 31 – 33 ), and magnetoencephalography (MEG) ( 34 , 35 ). Conversely, fNIRS has the following disadvantages: (1) low spatial resolution (10–30 mm); (2) possibility of performing measurements only at the surface of the cortex; (3) inability to measure absolute hemoglobin value (CW-type); and (4) the data obtained can be influenced by scalp, muscle, skull, and cerebrospinal fluid factors in addition to hemodynamic changes in the cortex ( 20 ).…”
Section: Principles Of Brain Activity Measurement Using Near-infraredmentioning
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a relatively new technique that can measure hemoglobin changes in brain tissues, and its use in psychiatry has been progressing rapidly. Although it has several disadvantages (e.g., relatively low spatial resolution and the possibility of shallow coverage in the depth of brain regions) compared with other functional neuroimaging techniques (e.g., functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography), fNIRS may be a candidate instrument for clinical use in psychiatry, as it can measure brain activity in naturalistic position easily and non-invasively. fNIRS instruments are also small and work silently, and can be moved almost everywhere including schools and care units. Previous fNIRS studies have shown that patients with schizophrenia have impaired activity and characteristic waveform patterns in the prefrontal cortex during the letter version of the verbal fluency task, and part of these results have been approved as one of the Advanced Medical Technologies as an aid for the differential diagnosis of depressive symptoms by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare of Japan in 2009, which was the first such approval in the field of psychiatry. Moreover, previous studies suggest that the activity in the frontopolar prefrontal cortex is associated with their functions in chronic schizophrenia and is its next candidate biomarker. Future studies aimed at exploring fNIRS differences in various clinical stages, longitudinal changes, drug effects, and variations during different task paradigms will be needed to develop more accurate biomarkers that can be used to aid differential diagnosis, the comprehension of the present condition, the prediction of outcome, and the decision regarding treatment options in schizophrenia. Future fNIRS researches will require standardized measurement procedures, probe settings, analytical methods and tools, manuscript description, and database systems in an fNIRS community.
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