“…Higher resolution methods can be used to study the effects and products of redox reactions at the micro-and nanoscales. For example, the morphological effects and products of corrosion of steel and iron has been probed at these scales with the use of atomic force microscopy (AFM), 8,9 scanning electron microscopy (SEM), 10,11 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), 12 vertical scanning interferometry (VTI), and Raman spectroscopy. 13 AFM, SEM, XPS, and VTI can all provide nanoscale spatial resolution, but these methods require the specimen to be removed from the environment of the reaction, so dynamic temporal information is lost.…”