Simultaneous Chlamydia trachomatis and HPV infection in pregnant women

Abstract

Pregnancy is associated with HPV infection and with Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection mostly due to the natural immunosuppression. In addition, pregnancy associated to CT infection can lead to adverse conditions to the woman and fetus, and CT is also believed to be a co-factor in human immunodeficiency virus infection and HPV-induced cervical cancer. The aim of this study was to establish the odds ratios (OR) of CT infection in to HPV-infected pregnant women and vice versa of women stratified by age (<25 years) and marital status. This work is part of a national multicentric transversal study carried out in six Brazilian cities supported by the Ministry of Health of Federal Government of Brazil in 2003. Cervical scrapes of 371 pregnant women were sampled. We performed a hybrid capture-2 technique to diagnose these samples on HPV and CT infection, and the women responded a questionnaire. Significant association was observed between nonstable marital status and hr-HPV infection [OR = 2.61 (1.38-4.97) P = 0.003)], and age <25 years old [OR = 2.26 (1.09-4.71) P = 0.029]. Nonstable marital status was also associated with lr-HPV infection [OR = 2.67 (1.59-4.50) P < 0.001), and age <25 years old [OR = 2.55 (1.51-4.32) P < 0.001). Fifty of the 371 pregnant women were infected with hr-HPV (13.5%) and 111 (30.0%) were infected with lr-HPV. The coinfections of HPV and CT were found in 31 women, that is, 8.36% of the pregnant women (P < 0.001). The high rate of simultaneous CT and HPV infection in pregnant women favors the recommendation to screen pregnant women for both CT and HPV.

Human Papillomavirus Infection as a Possible Cause of Spontaneous Abortion and Spontaneous Preterm Delivery

“…The 45 articles included investigated 14 470 pregnant women in total, of which 13 757 underwent normal full-term pregnancies, 145 experienced spontaneous preterm deliveries, 536 experienced spontaneous abortions, and 32 had performed an induced abortion. The study populations were from Europe ( n = 4639) [ 13 , 22 , 27 , 28 , 32 , 38 , 40 , 42 , 43 , 45 , 47 , 51 , 58 – 60 , 62 – 64 , 66 , 67 ], Asia ( n = 7116) [ 23 , 34 , 35 , 37 , 39 , 41 , 46 , 52 , 55 , 57 , 61 ], USA ( n = 1681) [ 18 , 20 , 21 , 29 , 48 , 53 , 56 , 65 , 68 ], and Latin America ( n = 1034) [ 36 , 44 , 49 , 50 , 54 ]. Table 1 shows demographic characteristics, key aspects of study design, and study strength and potential biases of all included studies.…”

Association between human papillomavirus and chlamydia trachomatis infection risk in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Among the 19 selected studies, 9 articles estimate the risk of Ct infection in HPV-positive women without classifiable genotypes (Fogue et al 2018;Enthumathi et al 2015;Panatto et al 2015;Marcone et al 2012;Finan et al 2006;Ta ´bora et al 2005;Baldwin et al 2004;da Silva et al 2004;Tamim et al 2002), 4 consider Ct infection risk in women with HR-HPV infection (Harder et al 2016;Aghaizu et al 2014;Yin et al 2013;Oh et al 2009), 3 consider Ct infection risk among women with infection by HR-HPV and LR-HPV (Safaeian et al 2010;Pereira et al 2010;Franceschi et al 2007), one evaluates the Ct infection risk among women infected with nonclassifiable HPV genotypes, HR-HPV and LR-HPV, single and multiple infection (Molano et al 2003), one considers the Ct infection risk in women with history of non-classifiable HPV genotypes infection (Hwang et al 2014) and one estimates Ct infection risk among women with HR-HPV multiple infections (Quino ´nez-Calvache et al 2016). We classified the studies considering the HPV prevalence (Bruni et al 2010) in the study location: 10 studies were categorized as ''low prevalence countries'' (Harder et al 2016;Panatto et al 2015;Aghaizu et al 2014;Enthumathi et al 2015;Hwang et al 2014;Yin et al 2013;Marcone et al 2012;Oh et al 2009;Finan et al 2006;Tamim et al 2002) and 7 as ''high prevalence countries'' (Fogue et al 2018;Quino ´nez-Calvache et al 2016;Safaeian et al 2010;Pereira et al 2010;…”

“…Thirteen are cross-sectional studies (Fogue et al 2018;Harder et al 2016;Enthumathi et al 2015;Panatto et al 2015;Aghaizu et al 2014;Yin et al 2013;Marcone et al 2012;Pereira et al 2010;Oh et al 2009;Franceschi et al 2007;Finan et al 2006;Ta ´bora et al 2005;Baldwin et al 2004), 3 are cohort studies (Quino ´nez-Calvache et al 2016;Hwang et al 2014;Molano et al 2003), 2 are case-control studies (da Silva et al 2004;Tamim et al 2002) and 1 is a nested case-control study (Safaeian et al 2010). Ten studies were published until 2010 (Tamim et al 2002;Molano et al 2003;Baldwin et al 2004;da Silva et al 2004;Ta ´bora et al 2005;Finan et al 2006;Franceschi et al 2007;Oh et al 2009;Pereira et al 2010;Safaeian et al 2010) and 9 after 2010 (Marcone et al 2012;Yin et al 2013;Hwang et al 2014;Aghaizu et al 2014;Panatto et al 2015;Enthumathi et al 2015;Quino ´nez-Calvache et al 2016;Harder et al 2016;Fogue et al 2018). Eight studies investigated the risk of chlamydia in HPV-positive women aged less than 36 years …”

Prevalência de Chlamydia trachomatis e fatores de risco associados à infecção detectada em amostra endocervical

“…O Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) relatou a existência de 976.445 casos de infecções genitais causadas por C. trachomatis em 2005 nos EUA, e a prevalência em mulheres nos diversos estados variou entre 3,1 e 14,5% 5 . A Coordenação Nacional Brasileira de AIDS e DST relata aproximadamente 2 milhões de novos casos de infeção por C. trachomatis por ano 6 . No Brasil, não existem estudos documentando a situação real da infecção por C. trachomatis, estão disponíveis apenas estudos isolados em populações específicas do país 5,7 .…”