Simultaneous Hydrodistillation of Cedrus atlantica Manetti and Salvia rosmarinus Spenn: Optimization of Anti-Wood-Decay Fungal Activity Using Mixture Design Methodology

Abstract

Chemical fungicides are often harmful to people and the environment because of their toxicity. The wood protection industry places a high priority on replacing them with natural products. Therefore, this investigation focused on developing a formulation of a binary combination of Salvia rosmarinus Spenn and Cedrus atlantica Manetti obtained by Simultaneous hydrodistillation to protect the wood from decay using a mixture design methodology. The chemical composition of essential oil was identified by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS), and their anti-wood-decay fungal activity was assessed using the macrodilution method against four fungi responsible for wood decay: Coniophora puteana, Coriolus versicolor, Gloeophyllum trabeum, and Poria placenta. The results of GC/MS identified myrtenal as a new component appearing in all binary combinations. The optimum anti-wood-decay fungal activity was observed in a combination of 60% S. rosmarinus and 40% C. atlantica essential oils, providing an effective concentration for 50% of maximal effect (EC50) value of 9.91 ± 1.91 and 9.28 ± 1.55 μg/mL for C. puteana and C. versicolor, respectively. The highest anti-wood-decay fungal activity for G. trabeum and P. placenta was found in the combination of 55% of S. rosmarinus and 45% of C. atlantica essential oils, with EC50 values of 11.48 ± 3.73 and 22.619 ± 3.79 μg/mL, respectively. Combined simultaneous hydrodistillation improved the antifungal effect of these essential oils. These results could be used to improve antifungal activity and protect wood against wood-decay fungi.

Simultaneous Hydrodistillation of Healthy Cedrus atlantica Manetti and Infected by Trametes pini and Ungulina officinalis: Effect on Antibacterial Activity Utilizing a Mixture-Design Method

“…The potent effect observed in a study 11 from a mixture of the two EOs ( C. atlantica and Salvia rosmarinus ) confirms that synergistic effects can occur in EOs. A study was conducted 36 to evaluate the synergistic capacity of the combination of the EOs from Artemisia herba alba , Lavandula angustifolia , and Rosmarinus officinalis on S. Aureus and E.coli .…”

“…The potent effect observed in a study from a mixture of the two EOs (C. atlantica and Salvia rosmarinus) confirms that synergistic effects can occur in EOs.…”

“…Reference ( 12 ) reported a similar composition in their study of wood samples collected in the Middle Atlas region of the Khenifra province. Another study 11 has shown that the EO of healthy cedarwood from the province of Azerou, which is also in the Middle Atlas region, is rich in oxygenated sesquiterpenes (67.2%) and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (31.6%).…”

“…EOs were extracted from the mixture of two wood samples, according to refs and ( 11 ) and ( 24 )– 25 26 . It was done through hydrodistillation and simultaneous hydrodistillation with a Clevenger-type device.…”

“…Each year, between 80,000 and 100,000 m 3 of logs are used for veneering and sawing, constituting approximately 90% of the country’s total production (HCEFLCD 2013) . Cedarwood essential oils (EOs) have also shown promising biological activities, including antioxidant, − antimicrobial, , antifungal, , antiviral, anti-inflammatory, , analgesic, , anticancer, − and insecticidal , properties. Furthermore, these EOs are used in perfumes and cosmetics due to the presence of hemachalenes .…”