Simultaneous HPTLC determination of strychnine and brucine in strychnos nux-vomica seed

Kamal, Abid; Kamal, Y. T.; Ahmad, Sayeed; Ahmad, Farhan Jalees; Saleem, Kishwar

doi:10.4103/0975-7406.94814

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…In the unlikely hypothetical situation in which genetic material from a toxic plant or its near relative was used in the production of a GM crop, there are specific, sensitive analytical techniques available to exclude the possibility of toxin production at far lower levels of presence than would be possible using a WF animal study. For example, relatively unsophisticated methods for the detection of strychnine are reported to be able to detect 50 ng of strychnine per sample (Kamal et al, 2012 ). Furthermore, there is no evidence that the insertion of a transgene from a non-toxic source into a GM crop has any greater propensity to result in the de novo generation of novel toxic compounds than does the range of conventional plant breeding techniques that currently require no toxicity testing (Steiner et al 2013 ).…”

Section: Triggers For the Conduct Of Wf Toxicity Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of whole food animal studies in the safety assessment of genetically modified crops: Limitations and recommendations

Bartholomaeus

Parrott

Bondy

et al. 2013

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

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There is disagreement internationally across major regulatory jurisdictions on the relevance and utility of whole food (WF) toxicity studies on GM crops, with no harmonization of data or regulatory requirements. The scientific value, and therefore animal ethics, of WF studies on GM crops is a matter addressable from the wealth of data available on commercialized GM crops and WF studies on irradiated foods. We reviewed available GM crop WF studies and considered the extent to which they add to the information from agronomic and compositional analyses. No WF toxicity study was identified that convincingly demonstrated toxicological concern or that called into question the adequacy, sufficiency, and reliability of safety assessments based on crop molecular characterization, transgene source, agronomic characteristics, and/or compositional analysis of the GM crop and its near-isogenic line. Predictions of safety based on crop genetics and compositional analyses have provided complete concordance with the results of well-conducted animal testing. However, this concordance is primarily due to the improbability of de novo generation of toxic substances in crop plants using genetic engineering practices and due to the weakness of WF toxicity studies in general. Thus, based on the comparative robustness and reliability of compositional and agronomic considerations and on the absence of any scientific basis for a significant potential for de novo generation of toxicologically significant compositional alterations as a sole result of transgene insertion, the conclusion of this review is that WF animal toxicity studies are unnecessary and scientifically unjustifiable.

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Section: Triggers For the Conduct Of Wf Toxicity Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of whole food animal studies in the safety assessment of genetically modified crops: Limitations and recommendations

Bartholomaeus

Parrott

Bondy

et al. 2013

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

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“…Radish is a plant whose antibacterial properties of leaves, seeds, and roots have been indicated by various authors [ 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 ]. However, there are no studies assessing the impact of both radish extracts and ferments on the multiplication of bacterial strains responsible for the occurrence of bacterial skin infections.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Anti-Inflammatory and Antibacterial Properties of Raphanus sativus L. Leaf and Root Kombucha-Fermented Extracts

Ziemlewska,

Zagórska-Dziok,

Mokrzyńska

et al. 2024

IJMS

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In the cosmetics industry, the extract from Raphanus sativus L. is fermented using specific starter cultures. These cosmetic ingredients act as preservatives and skin conditioners. Kombucha is traditionally made by fermenting sweetened tea using symbiotic cultures of bacteria and yeast and is used in cosmetic products. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cosmetic properties of radish leaf and root extract fermented with the SCOBY. Both unfermented water extracts and extracts after 7, 14, and 21 days of fermentation were evaluated. The analysis of secondary plant metabolites by UPLC-MS showed higher values for ferments than for extracts. A similar relationship was noted when examining the antioxidant properties using DPPH and ABTS radicals and the protective effect against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in fibroblasts and keratinocytes using the fluorogenic dye H2DCFDA. The results also showed no cytotoxicity to skin cells using Alamar Blue and Neutral Red tests. The ability of the samples to inhibit IL-1β and COX-2 activity in LPS-treated fibroblasts was also demonstrated using ELISA assays. The influence of extracts and ferments on bacterial strains involved in inflammatory processes of skin diseases was also assessed. Additionally, application tests were carried out, which showed a positive effect of extracts and ferments on TEWL and skin hydration using a TEWAmeter and corneometer probe. The results obtained depended on the concentration used and the fermentation time.

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“…Several analytical methods for the estimation of strychnine and brucine have been developed. [ 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ] Here, the quantitative analysis was performed through HPTLC method using strychnine and brucine as standard marker compound in the S. nuxvomica .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of detoxification (tadbeer) in content of toxic metabolites of Strychnos nux-vomica: A Unani approach for its use in human

et al. 2015

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Background:Azaraqi (Strychnos nux-vomica, Loganiaceae) has been the important Unani medicine since long time as a stimulant, anti-inflammatory, and blood purifier. It has been used very frequently by the Unani practitioner. But the Unani system recommends application of azaraqi in medicine only after its detoxification (tadbeer) may be because of the presence of its deadly poisonous alkaloids (strychnine and brucine). In the present investigation, an attempt has been made to quantify the actual content of their toxic alkaloids before and after the tadbeer.Materials and Methods:A sensitive high-performance thin layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method has been developed for estimation of strychnine and brucine in different samples of azaraqi before and after tadbeer. Precoated HPTLC silica gel plates were used as stationary phase and (toluene: Ethyl acetate: Dietylamine 7:2:1 v/v/v) was used as mobile phase.Result:The Rf value of strychnine and brucine was found as 0.53 and 0.41, respectively. Detection and quantification were performed by densitometry at 270 nm. The calibration plot was linear in the range of 50–1000 ng of strychnine and brucine, respectively, with the correlation coefficient (r2) 0.993 and 0.991 for strychnine and brucine, respectively, which confirms good linearity. The content of strychnine was 0.175, 0.07, 0.18, 0.051, and 0.075% w/w whereas brucine was 0.16, 0.117, 0.061, 0.045, and 0.057 in crude azaraqi, azaraqi without outer cover, azaraqi outer cover only, azaraqi mudabbar and azaraqi mudabbar by fried in ghee, respectively.Conclusion:The detoxification results in sharp decrease in content of toxic metabolites. The process by boiling in milk was found much effective but tedious as compare to frying method.

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Simultaneous HPTLC determination of strychnine and brucine in strychnos nux-vomica seed

Cited by 12 publications

References 18 publications

The use of whole food animal studies in the safety assessment of genetically modified crops: Limitations and recommendations

The use of whole food animal studies in the safety assessment of genetically modified crops: Limitations and recommendations

Comparison of Anti-Inflammatory and Antibacterial Properties of Raphanus sativus L. Leaf and Root Kombucha-Fermented Extracts

Effect of detoxification (tadbeer) in content of toxic metabolites of Strychnos nux-vomica: A Unani approach for its use in human

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