Simultaneous Extraction Optimization and Analysis of Flavonoids from the Flowers of Tabernaemontana heyneana by High Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Diode Array Detector and Electron Spray Ionization/Mass Spectrometry

Abstract

Flavonoids are exploited as antioxidants, antimicrobial, antithrombogenic, antiviral, and antihypercholesterolemic agents. Normally, conventional extraction techniques like soxhlet or shake flask methods provide low yield of flavonoids with structural loss, and thereby, these techniques may be considered as inefficient. In this regard, an attempt was made to optimize the flavonoid extraction using orthogonal design of experiment and subsequent structural elucidation by high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector-electron spray ionization/mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS) techniques. The shake flask method of flavonoid extraction was observed to provide a yield of 1.2 ± 0.13 (mg/g tissue). With the two different solvents, namely, ethanol and ethyl acetate, tried for the extraction optimization of flavonoid, ethanol (80.1 mg/g tissue) has been proved better than ethyl acetate (20.5 mg/g tissue). The optimal conditions of the extraction of flavonoid were found to be 85°C, 3 hours with a material ratio of 1 : 20, 75% ethanol, and 1 cycle of extraction. About seven different phenolics like robinin, quercetin, rutin, sinapoyl-hexoside, dicaffeic acid, and two unknown compounds were identified for the first time in the flowers of T. heyneana. The study has also concluded that L16 orthogonal design of experiment is an effective method for the extraction of flavonoid than the shake flask method.

Extraction of triterpenoids and phenolic compounds from Ganoderma lucidum: optimization study using the response surface methodology

“…For the studied target compounds (Tr and Ph), there are many scientific references suggesting a significant degradation rate at ethanol's boiling point as the time-cycles are prolonged. 35 Therefore, to optimize the number of cycles and consequently measure the total content of Tr and Ph at its maximum, the time-cycle (note that each cycle accounts approximately for a 30 min period) of SE for G. lucidum was monitored. Fig.…”

TOTAL PHENOLIC, FLAVONOID CONTENT AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF Clinacanthus nutans LEAVES BY WATER-BASED ULTRASONIC ASSISTED EXTRACTION

“…Extended extraction time has also led to an increase of adhesion of diffused particles (antioxidant compound) around the walls of the supporting material like glass or plastic tubes that may interrupt the process of extraction. Hence, this can be used to explain the insignificant effect of time on antioxidant activity in this study [31].…”

“…A slight decrease of antioxidant activity can be clearly seen at 15 minutes of extraction which probably explained by the presence of synergistic effect of other involved parameters. Besides, the decomposition of antioxidant compound may happen because of the thermal-based oxidation reaction that occurs during the extraction process [31]. Meanwhile, the statistical analysis has revealed that there was a significant effect of extraction temperature (p < 0.05) on antioxidant activity and there was no significant effect of extraction time (p > 0.05) on antioxidant activity.…”

Acute Toxicity and Erythrocyte Osmotic Fragility Studies of Methanol Leaf Extract of Asystasia vogeliana in Rats

“…Total flavonoid contents of MLEAV and PLEAV was estimated by the method [16]. An aliquot of each extract 0.1 ml was taken into a test tube and made up to 5 ml with distilled water.…”