Simultaneous extraction and analysis of clozapine and lorazepam from human plasma using dual solvent-stir bar microextraction with different acceptor phases followed by high-performance liquid chromatography ultra-violet detection

Sheikh, Mahsa; Hadjmohammadi, Mohammad Reza; Fatemi, M.

doi:10.1039/d0ay01431a

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…This increases the contact area between the two phases and improves the transfer of the analytes to the organic phase. CLZ and NCLZ have p K a values of around 7.6 and 8.5, respectively [13]; thus, they are neutral in an alkaline medium. Therefore, they are expected to have hydrophobic interactions with the hydrophobic surfactant tale as well as π‐cation interaction between the CLZ and NCLZ aromatic rings and the cationic surfactant [9].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clozapine and norclozapine monitoring in plasma following surfactant assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction

Albitar

Murugaiyah

Ibrahim

et al. 2022

Separation Science Plus

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Clozapine is the drug of choice for treatment‐resistant schizophrenia. However, it is characterized by inter‐ and intraindividual variability in plasma concentrations and complex metabolism requiring drug monitoring. A surfactant‐assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method followed by high‐performance liquid chromatography–ultraviolet is proposed to determine clozapine and its primary active metabolite, norclozapine, in plasma using haloperidol (400 ng/mL) as an internal standard. The surfactant, cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (0.5 mmol/L), and 1‐octanol (extraction solvent) were rapidly injected into the diluted plasma to form a cloudy solution. After centrifugation, 50 μL of the organic phase was injected into high‐performance liquid chromatography for analysis. The procedure was optimized by controlling the extraction solvent type and volume, the surfactant type and concentration, pH, and ionic strength. Furthermore, its suitability was investigated using plasma samples obtained from two healthy volunteers following a 12.5 mg dose of clozapine. The analytical performance of the method was acceptable with a limit of quantification of 0.9 and 0.4 ng/mL for clozapine and norclozapine, respectively (r2 > 0.999) and a wide linear dynamic range 6.25–1600 ng/mL. The optimized method is simple, practical, environmentally friendly, and economically acceptable. It also requires a small amount of the sample.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clozapine and norclozapine monitoring in plasma following surfactant assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction

Albitar

Murugaiyah

Ibrahim

et al. 2022

Separation Science Plus

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“…LPME overcomes deficiencies of traditional LLE by using micro- or nano-quantities of organic solvents for extraction, achieved through device and process miniaturization. LPME used for BDZs include single-drop microextraction (SDME), hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME), dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME), etc., as shown in Table S1 [ 36 , 48 , [56] , [57] , [58] , [59] , [60] , [61] , [62] , [63] , [64] , [65] , [66] , [67] , [68] , [69] , [70] , [71] , [72] , [73] , [74] , [75] , [76] , [77] , [78] , [79] ].…”

Section: Pretreatment Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sheikh et al. [ 78 ] established dual solvent SBME with different acceptor phases to extract clozapine and lorazepam from human plasma. The extraction process took 30 min, and extraction recoveries of clozapine and lorazepam reached 95.4% and 74.3% with enrichment factors 343 and 263.…”

Section: Pretreatment Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…LC is a widely used analytical technique for separations based on the selectivity of components in the mixture for the stationary and mobile phases. The application of the LC method for BDZs is shown in Table S5 [ [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] , [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , 32 , 34 , [39] , [40] , [41] , [42] , [44] , [45] , [46] , [47] , 49 , 51 , [58] , [59] , [60] , [61] , 63 , 65 , [69] , [70] , [71] , [73] , [74] , [75] , [76] , [77] , [78] , 81 , [87] , [88] , [89] , [90] , [91] , [92] , [93] , [95] , [96] , [97] , [98] , [99] , [100] , [101] , [102] , [104] , [105] , [106] , [107] , [109] , [110] , [111] , [112] , 115 , [119] , [120] , [121] , …”

Section: Determination Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Benzodiazepines in complex biological matrices: Recent updates on pretreatment and detection methods

Zhang

Bian

et al. 2023

Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis

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“…The optimal pH for analyte extraction is one where the analyte remains undissociated in the solution, allowing for an easier mass transfer to the sorbent phase. LZ is a highly basic and moderately polar compound with a pKa of 10.61 and logP of 2.4, respectively [26]. In light of this, the sample pH was adjusted using 0.1 mol•L −1 NaOH to range from 8 to 13 (i.e., 8, 10, 11, 12 and 13).…”

Section: Optimization Of Ph and Ionic Strengthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellulose Paper Sorptive Extraction (CPSE) Combined with Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) for Facile Determination of Lorazepam Residues in Food Samples Involved in Drug Facilitated Crimes

Jain

Kabir

et al. 2023

Separations

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Reports related to incidences of drug facilitated crimes (DFCs) have notably increased in recently. In such cases, victims report being assaulted or robbed while under the influence of drugs. Lorazepam (LZ) is frequently used in DFCs as it can easily make victims docile owing to its potent numbing effect. Therefore, a straightforward and green analytical method to analyze LZ in spiked food matrices in connection with criminal acts becomes important. The current study reports a simple, green, and high sample throughput analytical method for determining LZ in food and drink matrices commonly encountered in DFCs, based on recently introduced cellulose paper sorptive extraction (CPSE). For the extraction of LZ from food matrices, pristine cellulose paper (CP, commonly used laboratory filter paper) was used as a sorptive medium. Five pieces of CP (1.5″ × 1.5″ each) were dipped into diluted food matrices (cream biscuits and tea) and stirred on a rotary shaker for 30 min at 200 rpm. The CPs were then dried, and the adsorbed LZ was back-extracted into 2 mL of methanol. The extract was then subjected to GC–MS analysis in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Several parameters, including CP size and number, back-extraction solvent type and volume, sample volume, extraction time and stirring speed, pH, ionic strength, elution time and speed, were thoroughly screened and optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the method was found to be linear in the range of 0.2–10 µg·mL−1 (or µg·g−1) with a coefficient of determination (R2) ranging from 0.996–0.998. The limit of detection and limit of quantification for cream biscuits were 0.054 and 0.18 µg·g−1 whereas they were 0.05 and 0.16 µg·mL−1 for tea samples. For all measurements, the relative standard deviations (%RSD) were always below 10%. Two mL of methanol per sample was used during the entire sample preparation process. The greenness of the proposed procedure was evaluated using Analytical Eco-Scale and GAPI greenness assessment tools. Finally, the CPSE–GC–MS method has been applied for the determination of LZ in forensic food samples which were used in DFCs.

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Simultaneous extraction and analysis of clozapine and lorazepam from human plasma using dual solvent-stir bar microextraction with different acceptor phases followed by high-performance liquid chromatography ultra-violet detection

Abstract: A new design of dual solvent stir bars microextraction (DSSBME) was developed and combined by HPLC–UV for the simultaneous extraction of clozapine (CLZ) and lorazepam (LRP) from human plasma with...

Cited by 8 publications

References 35 publications

Clozapine and norclozapine monitoring in plasma following surfactant assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction

Clozapine and norclozapine monitoring in plasma following surfactant assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction

Benzodiazepines in complex biological matrices: Recent updates on pretreatment and detection methods

Cellulose Paper Sorptive Extraction (CPSE) Combined with Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) for Facile Determination of Lorazepam Residues in Food Samples Involved in Drug Facilitated Crimes

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