Simultaneous exposures to heat and chemicals and the impact on toxicokinetics and biomonitoring

Cardiopulmonary values and organ blood flows before and during heat stress: data in nine subjects at rest in the upright position

“…Workers in reforestation, construction and agricultural work are seriously exposed to heat stress (Schreiber et al 2004), whereas individuals working in metal processing, roofers and firemen are more at risk to simultaneous exposures to heat and chemicals (Bourbonnais et al 2013). The exposure to heat stress could have an impact on the toxicokinetics of inhaled chemicals by changing some values of cardiopulmonary parameters, as well as organ blood flows (Marchand and Haddad 2017). Compared to gradual physical exertion where the muscle blood flow increase (Guyton 1991;Raff and Levitzky 2011;Rhoades and Bell 2013), heat stress increases the skin blood flow (Schlader et al, 2016(Schlader et al, , 2018aRavanelli et al 2017;Vargas and Schlader, 2018), in both cases, at the expense of blood flows of other organs.…”

“…The impact of heat stress on values for E, AVOD, the physiological dead space (VD phys ), the tidal volume (VT) and the VD phys /VT ratio, as well as ventilation-perfusion ratio (VA/Q) (Haldane 1905;Newman et al 1962;Raine and Bishop 1963;Damato et al 1968;Murphy et al 1969;Saxton 1975;Furuike et al 1982;Hansen et al 1984;Cabanac and White 1995;Minson et al 1998;Yamazaki et al 2000;Keller et al 2006;Crandall et al 2008;Wilson and Crandall 2011;Ogoh et al 2013;Pearson et al 2013;Hayashi 2015). Such physiological responses to heat stress are not considered in current biomonitoring methods, which could lead to wrong estimations and conclusions at the expenses of the health of workers (Marchand and Haddad 2017).…”

“…During the latter process, called hyperpnea, an increase in the amplitude of respiratory movements is observed, and this, during the inspiration as well as the expiration processes. This allows, with the sweating process, the body heat loss during hyperthermia, in order to maintain an average normal body temperature of 37°C (Mariak et al, 1999, White et al, 2011, Rhoades and Bell, 2013, Marchand and Haddad 2017. Outer surfaces of the head, face, as well as upper respiratory tract are also significant sources of heat loss during whole body heat stress by evaporative heat dissipation (McFadden et al, 1985, Rasch et al, 1991, Roberge et al, 2012.…”

“…The lower LBF values at WBGTs of 25 and 30°C should decrease the biotransformation rate of xenobiotics in the liver. Lower RBF should decrease the glomerular filtration rate, and consequently, reduced the elimination of xenobiotics via urine and increases their accumulation in soft tissues (Marchand and Haddad 2017).…”

A Proposed Currency System for Academic Peer Review Payments Using the BlockChain Technology

“…In particular, it might be possible that r-coins are only earned for those citations in which the author of the citing paper decides the original paper has sufficient merit. This author is aware of one journal where citing authors already nominate papers which they consider to be noteworthy in which comments are given against selected cited publications in the reference list, for example, see reference [8].…”