Simultaneous estimation of soot and diesel contamination in engine oil using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

Ulrich, Christian; Petersson, Håkan; Sundgren, H.; Björefors, Fredrik; Krantz‐Rülcker, Christina

doi:10.1016/j.snb.2007.05.014

Cited by 51 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…It has also been proposed that the quality of engine oils can be monitored by observing the electric permittivity change at high frequency (above 1 MHz) alternating currents (AC) [15]. Furthermore, impedance changes were used for the determination of engine oil contamination with soot and diesel fuel [16]. Interestingly, a method of continuous monitoring of engine oil density and viscosity by using piezoelectric microresonators has also been developed [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of the Impedance Spectroscopy as a New Tool for Studying Biodiesel Fuel Aging Processes

et al. 2019

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Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), which are presently the main component of biodiesel fuels, undergo relatively fast oxidation processes. This behavior prevents long term storage of this fuel. From laboratory practices, it transpires that even after a very short period of storage, the oxidative stability of the biodiesel exceeds the values required by European regulations. Therefore, the goal of this work was to devise a parameter (marker) allowing for fast and convenient identification of the chemical stability of biodiesel. Moreover, we were aiming to devise a marker which can also be used for the evaluation of the chemical stability of other hydrocarbon fuels containing biocomponents. To this end, in the presented study, selected biodiesel samples were subjected to controlled aging processes in laboratory conditions at 95 °C and oxygen flow according to the norm. Then, physico-chemical parameters were selected that are critical from the point of view of the fuel practical application. Those included density, refractive index, oxidative stability and resistance to oxidation. The appropriate physico-chemical properties were measured before and after an aging process conducted for various times. Simultaneously, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) studies were performed for all the studied samples yielding the electrical parameters of the sample, including resistance, relaxation time and capacitance. Subsequently, a correlation between the results of the EIS studies and the selected critical parameters has been established. The obtained results indicate that the resistance, relaxation time and capacitance of the studied biodiesel fuel increase with aging time. This indicates the formation of long chain compounds with increased polarity. Interestingly, the electrical parameter changes are faster at the early stages of the aging process. This suggests a change of the oxidation mechanism during prolonged aging. The devised methodology of impedimetric biodiesel testing can be proposed as a fast and inexpensive method of fuel chemical stability evaluation, allowing for estimating the useful storage time of biodiesel in real conditions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of the Impedance Spectroscopy as a New Tool for Studying Biodiesel Fuel Aging Processes

et al. 2019

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“…Being a statistical method, the quantity and the quality of the available samples influence the validity of PLS and N-PLS analysis. 1 When the number of samples is limited, various so-called resampling techniques have been described and used, such as the leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV). In LOOCV, one sample at a time is left out and used to validate the analysis of the others.…”

Section: Dielectric Spectroscopy Experiments Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Engine oil is a typical complex organic mixture composed of nonpolar base oils and polar functional additives such as dispersants, detergents (surfactants), oxidation inhibitors and anti-wear agents. 1 For the fresh and mildly deteriorated engine oils, the functional additives and early oxidation by-products, which contained polar functional groups and nonpolar hydrocarbon chains, could form inverse micelles and aggregate to very loose 'networks' of relative larger sizes 2 dispersed in the uniform nonpolar base oils. 3 With the degradation and contamination of engine oils, the aggregations in the loose networks would increase and result in greater heterogeneity of the engine oil system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dielectric submicroscopic phase characterisation of engine oil dispersed in jet fuel based on on‐line dielectric spectroscopy

Gong

Guan

Wang

et al. 2017

Lubrication Science

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The dielectric submicroscopic phase (DSP) characterisation of oxidised engine oils dispersed in 3# jet fuel has been analysed by on‐line dielectric spectroscopy (DES) in order to establish the correlation between engine oil oxidation degradation degrees and its DSP characteristics. Seven samples with different oxidation degradation degrees called oxidation‐series samples prepared by simulation oxidation have been analysed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and their insoluble content values according to GB/T8296 have been obtained. A series of dispersion systems composed of 0.3 ml oxidation‐series samples as the dispersed substances and 3 ml 3# jet fuel as the corresponding dispersion mediums have been designed and tested by on‐line DES during the dispersion processes, which resulted in seven series of dispersion‐series samples. Significant DES differences between the 3# jet fuel dispersion mediums and the dispersion systems have been obtained. During the dispersion process, the significant trends including dielectric enhancement stages and dielectric weakening stages have been observed according to both the raw on‐line DES spectra and DES distances, which resulted from the dielectric inhomogeneity and could be regarded as the main DSP characteristics of dispersion systems. The fact that the DSP characteristics were significantly different from the interfacial polarisation characteristics of heterogeneous systems has been verified by the on‐line DES Cole–Cole plots. It has also been proved that there the DSP characteristics of dispersion systems were consistent with their oxidation degradation degrees. And good regression performance can be obtained from both the on‐line DES distances on the basis of partial least squares and on‐line DES spectral data on the basis of multilinear‐partial least squares for insoluble contents and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy oxidation peak areas. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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“…AC impedance spectroscopy has been used to measure the conductivity of industrial polymers and colloids, which are classified as lowconductivity and high resistance media 7 . Its feasibility in detecting contamination of industrial lubricants by water 8 and glycol leakage 9 as well as diesel contamination by soot 10 , the influences of lubricant chemical compositions 7 , the effect of steel in jet engine oil 11 and changes in industrial cutting fluids 12 have also been investigated. As oil degrades, its electrical conductivity changes due to changes in the concentration of "conductive species" in the oil.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Base oil oxidation detection using novel chemical sensors and impedance spectroscopy measurements

Soleimani

Sophocleous

Wang

et al. 2014

Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical

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Lubricating oils are employed in machinery to minimise friction, remove heat and wear particles, protect against corrosion etc. Mineral base oils are derived from natural crude oil through a distillation process and are divided into five main groups depending on volume of sulphur, saturate and viscosity index, according to the American Petroleum Institute (API). As lubricating base oil oxidises, acidic by-products are formed and oil viscosity increases due to progressive polycondensation of higher molecular weight products. In this work, thick film (TF) potentiometric sensors based on ion-selective electrodes (ISE) have been developed for oil acidity measurement to enable online oil condition monitoring. A TF ruthenium oxide (RuO 2 ) working electrode and three types of TF reference electrodes were fabricated and tested in oxidised base oil samples prepared at the Shell Houston laboratories. The TF sensors were evaluated by comparison with acid number (AN) measurement and also compared with oil conductivity measurements using impedance spectroscopy. The results show that the conductivity, viscosity and AN of the oil samples increase with the level of oil oxidisation. The output of the TF sensors detected the acidity increase of the oxidised oil samples at both 50 and 80 °C and displayed a linear relationship with oil AN.

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Simultaneous estimation of soot and diesel contamination in engine oil using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

Cited by 51 publications

References 20 publications

Application of the Impedance Spectroscopy as a New Tool for Studying Biodiesel Fuel Aging Processes

Application of the Impedance Spectroscopy as a New Tool for Studying Biodiesel Fuel Aging Processes

Dielectric submicroscopic phase characterisation of engine oil dispersed in jet fuel based on on‐line dielectric spectroscopy

Base oil oxidation detection using novel chemical sensors and impedance spectroscopy measurements

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