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The panniculitides comprise a group of heterogeneous inflammatory diseases that involve the subcutaneous fat. Histopathological study is required for the specific diagnosis of these disorders, because different panniculitides usually show the same clinical appearance – which typically consists of erythematous nodules on the lower extremities. However, the histopathological study of panniculitis is difficult because of the poor correlation between clinical and pathological findings and the changing microscopic appearances as the lesions evolve. Furthermore, large scalpel incisional biopsies are required in order to evaluate panniculitis fully. From the histopathological point of view, all panniculitides are somewhat mixed, because the inflammatory infiltrate involves both the septa and lobules. However, differentiation between a predominantly septal and a predominantly lobular panniculitis is usually straightforward at scanning magnification on the basis of which subcutaneous structures are the more intensely involved by the inflammatory infiltrate.
The panniculitides comprise a group of heterogeneous inflammatory diseases that involve the subcutaneous fat. Histopathological study is required for the specific diagnosis of these disorders, because different panniculitides usually show the same clinical appearance – which typically consists of erythematous nodules on the lower extremities. However, the histopathological study of panniculitis is difficult because of the poor correlation between clinical and pathological findings and the changing microscopic appearances as the lesions evolve. Furthermore, large scalpel incisional biopsies are required in order to evaluate panniculitis fully. From the histopathological point of view, all panniculitides are somewhat mixed, because the inflammatory infiltrate involves both the septa and lobules. However, differentiation between a predominantly septal and a predominantly lobular panniculitis is usually straightforward at scanning magnification on the basis of which subcutaneous structures are the more intensely involved by the inflammatory infiltrate.
The panniculitides represent a group of heterogeneous inflammatory diseases that involve the subcutaneous fat. The specific diagnosis of these disorders requires histopathological study because different panniculitides usually show monotonous clinical appearance, namely subcutaneous erythematous nodules on the lower extremities. Histopathological study of panniculitis is also challenging because of an inadequate clinicopathological correlation and the evolutionary nature of the lesions. Often, biopsy specimens are taken from late‐stage lesions, which results in non‐specific histopathological findings. In addition, large‐scalpel incisional biopsies are required. However, with adequate biopsy samples a histopathological differential diagnosis between a mostly septal and a mostly lobular panniculitis is straightforward and with adequate clinicopathological correlation, a specific diagnosis may be rendered in most cases of panniculitis. Mostly septal panniculitides with vasculitis include superficial thrombophlebitis and cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa (cutaneous arteritis). Septal panniculitides with no vasculitis may appear as the consequence of dermal inflammatory processes extending to the subcutaneous fat, such as necrobiosis lipoidica, scleroderma, subcutaneous granuloma annulare, rheumatoid nodule and necrobiotic xanthogranuloma, whereas in other cases the inflammatory process involves primarily the connective tissue septa of the subcutis with no participation of the overlying dermis. The most frequent septal panniculitis is erythema nodosum. In contrast, the most common lobular panniculitis with vasculitis is erythema induratum of Bazin (nodular vasculitis). Mostly lobular panniculitides without vasculitis comprise a large list of disorders, including sclerosing panniculitis (lipodermatosclerosis), subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn, panniculitis associated with connective tissue diseases, pancreatic panniculitis, 1 ‐antitrypsin deficiency‐associated panniculitis, infective panniculitis and factitious panniculitis. In recent years, several cases of both septal and lobular panniculitis have been described as a consequence of the administration of new drugs, including immune checkpoint inhibitors and BRAF inhibitors used as treatment of metastatic melanoma, tyrosine kinase and Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors used for treatment of leukemia and other haematological malignancies and tumour necrosis factor inhibitor drugs.
In order to keep subscribers up‐to‐date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley & Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety. Each bibliography is divided into 20 sections: 1 Reviews; 2 General; 3 Anti‐infective Agents; 4 Cardiovascular System Agents; 5 CNS Depressive Agents; 6 Non‐steroidal Anti‐inflammatory Agents; 7 CNS Agents; 8 Anti‐neoplastic Agents; 9 Haematological Agents; 10 Neuroregulator‐Blocking Agents; 11 Dermatological Agents; 12 Immunosuppressive Agents; 13 Autonomic Agents; 14 Respiratory System Agents; 15 Neuromuscular Agents; 16 Reproductive System Agents; 17 Gastrointestinal System Agents; 18 Anti‐inflammatory Agents ‐ Steroidal; 19 Teratogens/fetal exposure; 20 Others. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author. If, in the preceding period, no publications are located relevant to any one of these headings, that section will be omitted.
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