Simultaneous Determination of β-Cypermethrin and Its Metabolite 3-Phenoxybenzoic Acid in Microbial Degradation Systems by HPLC–UV

Abstract

The wide use of pesticides in agriculture is necessary to guarantee adequate food production worldwide. However, pesticide residues have caused global concern because of their potential health risk to consumers. In this study, we could identify β-cypermethrin (β-CY) and its degradation product 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) by liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometry. Few studies on the simultaneous determination of β-CY and its metabolites have been carried out so far; hence, we established a high-performance liquid chromatography method to determine the concentrations of both β-CY and 3-PBA simultaneously in microbial degradation systems. In this study, a novel β-CY degrading strain, Bacillus licheniformis B-1, was isolated from a tea garden soil, utilizing β-CY as a growth substrate. Good linear relationships between β-CY and 3-PBA were observed and the concentrations of reference solutions were between 0.50 and 60.00 µg/mL. Satisfactory stability and intra- and interday precision were obtained. The limits of detection were 0.06 and 0.13 µg/mL for β-CY and 3-PBA, respectively, and the corresponding limits of quantification were 0.21 and 0.34 µg/mL, respectively. Spiking recoveries for β-CY varied from 98.38 to 105.80%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) varying from 1.49 to 3.93%. Spiking recoveries for 3-PBA varied from 99.59 to 101.20%, with RSDs varying from 0.58 to 3.64%. The proposed method has advantages of simplicity, rapidity, high accuracy, good separation and reproducibility; thus, it is ideally suitable for simultaneous determination of β-CY and 3-PBA in microbial degradation systems.

Simultaneous degradation of β‐cypermethrin and 3‐phenoxybenzoic acid by Eurotiumcristatum ET1, a novel “golden flower fungus” strain isolated from Fu Brick Tea

“…Also, those suspected metabolites according to the analyzing results were set as substrate (50 mg/L) for degradation experiments, to reconfirm the biochemical pathway. The analysis conditions were similar to those used by Li et al ().…”

“…The operation parameters were as follows: capillary voltage, positive/4,000 V, negative/−3,800 V; nebulizer pressure, 45 psi; drying gas flow rate, 13 L/ min; and gas temperature, 350°C.Also, those suspected metabolites according to the analyzing results were set as substrate (50 mg/L) for degradation experiments, to reconfirm the biochemical pathway. The analysis conditions were similar to those used byLi et al (2016).…”

Effects of ultraviolet photooxidation of cypermethrin on the activities of phosphatases and digestive enzymes, and intestinal histopathology in African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)

“…There are reports that photooxidation of cypermethrin generates important photoproducts (3-phenoxybenzaldehyde, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid, and acetonitrile (m-phenoxyphenyl), and three different isomers of cypermethrin (J. Li et al, 2016;Segal-Rosenheimer & Dubowski, 2008). Not much is currently known about the toxic effects of these products or the isomers but it is being postulated that they are likely more toxic than the parent cypermethrin itself, which could be the reason for the increased inhibition of activities of phosphatases and digestive enzymes under coexposure of cypermethrin and UV radiation.…”

Microbial Degradation of Pesticide Residues and an Emphasis on the Degradation of Cypermethrin and 3-phenoxy Benzoic Acid: A Review

“…In addition, in 1994, American scientist Stemmer et al introduced the advanced technology of simulated DNA shuffling in vitro contained in Darwinian theory. The reorganization technology made the activity of enzymes greatly improved, and it did not require the three-dimensional structure determination of enzyme [ 113 ]. People have done a lot of researches on the degradable plasmid of the herbicide 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T, and these studies proved that the main 2,4-D-degrading bacteria were Peseudomonas sp.…”

“…3-PBA was one of the most degradable intermediates to pyrethroid pesticides, and had certain estrogenic properties, the faster migrated rate, longer half-life and stronger reproductive toxicity [ 113 , 134 , 135 , 136 , 137 , 138 ]. When comparing with pyrethroid pesticide, its hydrophobicity was relatively weak, and it was easier to migrate and accumulate in the environment.…”