Simultaneous determination of six non‐polar heterocyclic amines in meat samples by supercritical fluid extraction–capillary electrophoresis under fluorimetric detection

Abstract

A novel, sensitive and selective method for the separation and quantification of a group of non-polar heterocyclic amines (9H-pyrido-[3,4-b] indole, norharmane; 1-methyl-9H-pyrido-[3,4-b] indole, harmane; 2-amino-9H-pyrido-[2,3-b] indole, AalphaC; 2-amino-3-methyl-9H-pyrido-[2,3-b] indole, MeAalphaC; 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido-[4,3-b] indole, Trp-P-1 and 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido-[4,3-b] indole, Trp-P-2) in commercial meat samples has been developed. This methodology is faster than others previously described. The method is based on the combination of a supercritical fluid extraction procedure, followed by the analysis of the extracted plug by CE with fluorescence detection. The supercritical fluid extraction procedure was optimized for the clean-up of the samples and the extraction of the analytes. For the electrophoretic separation, the effect of composition, pH and concentration of buffer, organic modifier content, pressure and time of injection, capillary temperature and voltage applied were studied. A 10 mmol/L formic acid-ammonium formate-ACN (10%, v/v) solution at pH 1.5 was selected as the running electrolyte. With 5-s hydrodynamic injection, linear responses in the range from 100 to 1000 ng/mL and detection limits ranging from 15.9 to 28.1 ng/mL were obtained for different amines in less than 13 min. ACN-water (1:1 in volume) was used as a sample solvent. Fluorescence detection enhances the sensitivity and avoids interferences coming from non-fluorescent compounds present in the matrices of the sample extracts.

Potential carcinogenic heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) in foodstuffs: Formation, extraction, analytical methods, and mitigation strategies

“…There are other kinds of extraction and clean‐up methods used for the analysis of HAAs in foodstuffs. As shown in Table , these methods include pressurized liquid extraction (Khan, Busquets, Santos, & Puignou, ), supercritical fluid extraction (De Andres, Zougagh, Castaneda, & Rios, ), accelerated solvent extraction (Ouyang, Li, Tang, Jin, & Li, ), air‐agitated cloud‐point extraction (Vichapong et al., ), microsolid‐phase extraction (µ‐SPE; Basheer, ; Zhang, Li, & Xiao, ), and QuEChERS technique (Hsiao et al., ). It is worth mentioning that μ‐SPE is advantageous over SPME.…”

Recent advances in the application of capillary electromigration methods for food analysis and Foodomics

“…Analytical determination of HAs is of major importance as their intake may increase the risk of a number of cancer diseases. De Andres et al combined supercritical fluid extraction procedure for HAs extraction from cooked meat samples with CZE‐LIF analysis 30. LODs ranging from 15.9 to 28.1 ng/mL were obtained for a group of six non‐polar HAs in less than 13 min of separation analysis.…”

Capillary electrophoresis coupled to evaporative light scattering detection for direct determination of underivatized amino acids: Application to tea samples using carboxyled single‐walled carbon nanotubes for sample preparation

“…Hydrodynamic injection was chosen because it gives more reproducible results than electrokinetic injection . Time and pressure of injection were also optimized.…”