Simultaneous Determination of Procainamide and N- Acetylprocainamide in Plasma by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

Butterfield, A.G.; Cooper, J.K.; Midha, K. K.

doi:10.1002/jps.2600670630

Cited by 15 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…A small number of methods has been devised to quantitate PA and NAPA simultaneously in plasma by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) [ 13 , 14 ], Gas-Liquid Chromatography (GLC) [ 15 ], and HPLC [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ], but most lack sensitivity and/or specificity. Although several UV-HPLC methods achieved sensitivity and specificity improvements, they require multistep sample preparations that involve Liquid–Liquid Extraction (LLE), evaporation, and reconstitution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although several UV-HPLC methods achieved sensitivity and specificity improvements, they require multistep sample preparations that involve Liquid–Liquid Extraction (LLE), evaporation, and reconstitution. In addition, large sample volumes (0.2–2.5 mL) and injection volumes (10–100 µL) are required [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ] ( Table S1 ). To our knowledge, no method for the simultaneous determination of PA and NAPA by Ultra-High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) has been described to focus on the analytical application of preclinical studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Simultaneous Determination of Procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide in Rat Plasma by Ultra-High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography Coupled with a Diode Array Detector and Its Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study in Rats

et al. 2018

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A simple, sensitive, and reliable reversed-phase, Ultra-High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with a Diode Array Detector (DAD) method for the simultaneous determination of Procainamide (PA) and its major metabolite, N-acetylprocainamide (NAPA), in rat plasma was developed and validated. A simple deproteinization method with methanol was applied to the rat plasma samples, which were analyzed using UHPLC equipped with DAD at 280 nm, and a Synergi™ 4 µm polar, reversed-phase column using 1% acetic acid (pH 5.5) and methanol (76:24, v/v) as eluent in isocratic mode at a flow rate 0.2 mL/min. The method showed good linearity (r2 > 0.998) over the concentration range of 20–100,000 and 20–10,000 ng/mL for PA and NAPA, respectively. Intra- and inter-day accuracies ranged from 97.7 to 110.9%, and precision was <10.5% for PA and 99.7 to 109.2 and <10.5%, respectively, for NAPA. The lower limit of quantification was 20 ng/mL for both compounds. This is the first report of the UHPLC-DAD bioanalytical method for simultaneous measurement of PA and NAPA. The most obvious advantage of this method over previously reported HPLC methods is that it requires small sample and injection volumes, with a straightforward, one-step sample preparation. It overcomes the limitations of previous methods, which use large sample volume and complex sample preparation. The devised method was successfully applied to the quantification of PA and NAPA after an intravenous bolus administration of 10 mg/kg procainamide hydrochloride to rats.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous Determination of Procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide in Rat Plasma by Ultra-High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography Coupled with a Diode Array Detector and Its Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study in Rats

et al. 2018

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“…Actually, the use of aqueous mobile phase on an unmodified silica gel in the determination of basic drug concentrations in plasma (Butterfield et al, 1978;Dutcher and Strong, 1977;Pershing et al, 1982;Peat and Jennison, 1978) dates back to 1977. However, since there are several potential risks in this approach, it has often been avoided.…”

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confidence: 99%

Investigation on liquid chromatographic separation of basic compounds using silica column with aqueous/organic mobile phase containing triethylamine and acetic acid

Huang

et al. 2004

Biomedical Chromatography

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A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method using silica column eluted with aqueous solvent mobile phase containing triethylamine (TEA) and acetic acid (ACH) at trace percentages was characterized for the analysis of basic compounds. The key mechanism of this system is ion-exchange accompanying interaction of silanol groups. The increase in the ACH concentration in the mobile phase minimizes the ionization of the silanol group, leading to reduced retention time. However, the greater extent of ionization of silanol caused by the increase of TEA concentration helps to retain basic compounds in the column. Further, the protonated TEA that is positively charged also competes for the ionized silanol group with basic compounds, resulting in the modification of retention time. On the other hand, the retention becomes longer with increasing proportion of either organic or aqueous solvent in mobile phase, and partial replacement of methanol with acetonitrile.

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Graphene Oxide: A Metal‐Free Carbocatalyst for the Synthesis of Diverse Amides under Solvent‐Free Conditions

et al. 2019

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An environmentally friendly, inexpensive, carbocatalyst, graphene oxide (GO) promoted efficient, metal‐free transamidation of various carboxamides with aliphatic, cyclic, and aromatic amines is demonstrated. The protocol is equally applicable to phthalimide, urea, and thioamide determining its adaptability. The oxygenated functionalities such as carbonyl (−C=O), epoxy (−O−), carboxyl (−COOH) and hydroxyl (−OH), present on graphene oxide surface impart acidic properties to the catalyst. The graphene oxide being heterogeneous in nature, work efficiently under solvent‐free reaction conditions providing desired products in good to excellent yields. The one‐pot synthesis of 2,3‐Dihydro‐5H‐benzo[b]‐1,4‐thiazepin‐4‐one moiety by GO catalyzed Aza Michael addition followed by intramolecular transamidation is also described. A plausible reaction mechanistic pathway involving H‐bonding is discussed. The graphene oxide can be recycled and reused up to five cycles without much loss in catalytic activity.magnified image

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Simultaneous Determination of Procainamide and N- Acetylprocainamide in Plasma by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

Cited by 15 publications

References 14 publications

Simultaneous Determination of Procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide in Rat Plasma by Ultra-High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography Coupled with a Diode Array Detector and Its Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study in Rats

Simultaneous Determination of Procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide in Rat Plasma by Ultra-High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography Coupled with a Diode Array Detector and Its Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study in Rats

Investigation on liquid chromatographic separation of basic compounds using silica column with aqueous/organic mobile phase containing triethylamine and acetic acid

Graphene Oxide: A Metal‐Free Carbocatalyst for the Synthesis of Diverse Amides under Solvent‐Free Conditions

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