Simultaneous determination of phthalates and bisphenols from plastic bottled water samples by dispersive solid‐phase extraction with multiwalled carbon nanotubes and liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure photoionization/high‐resolution mass spectrometry

Abstract

Rationale Phthalates and bisphenols were reported as endocrine disrupting chemicals and hence a potential threat to human health. Polyethylene terephthalate bottles are being used to store drinking water and the probability of migration of phthalates and bisphenols from the bottles into the water is high. The migration of analytes with respect to different storage conditions need to be studied. Method A sensitive analytical method for simultaneous determination of seven phthalates and three bisphenols from packaged drinking water was developed using liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure photoionization/high‐resolution mass spectrometry. The analytes were extracted by dispersive solid‐phase extraction by multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Results The developed method showed linearity from 0.5 to 5000 μg/L with the limit of detection and limit of quantification ranging from 0.5 to 1 μg/L and 1 to 2 μg/L, respectively, for phthalates and bisphenols. The inter‐ and intraday variations were below 10%. The recoveries were in the range of 79.5% to 112%. The migration of phthalates and bisphenols increased with storage time and temperature. Maximum migration was observed for diisobutyl phthalate of 1209.7 ng/L followed by dibutyl phthalate at 777.8 ng/L on 180 days of analysis at room temperature. Migration of bis(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate was observed to be higher at elevated temperatures, increasing from 14.9 to 514 ng/L. Similarly, migration of bisphenol‐A was increased at 45°C. The results were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) studies and the results showed significant variations of phthalates and bisphenols with respect to storage temperature and time. Conclusion The use of atmospheric pressure photoionization facilitated simultaneous determination of phthalates and bisphenols. The migration of phthalates and bisphenols increased with increasing temperature and storage time. Maximum migration was observed for diethyl, diisobutyl, dibutyl and bis(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalates. This may be attributed to the type of plastic, the processing parameters and recycling.

Occurrence, Fate, and Reduction Measures of Phthalates in the Cooking Process: A Review

“…This is attributed to the increased mobility resulting from increasing contact time; however, there is no linear correlation between the migrated PAEs and the contact time in an aqueous solution . Thus, the longer the contact time with the packaging, the greater is the migration of PAEs from the packaging to the food . Notably, the migration of PAEs was easily detected during the early stages, when the transfer was relatively rapid.…”

“…96 Thus, the longer the contact time with the packaging, the greater is the migration of PAEs from the packaging to the food. 94 Notably, the migration of PAEs was easily detected during the early stages, when the transfer was relatively rapid. The migration then tends to decelerate until equilibrium is attained at a later stage.…”

“…In addition, the storage temperature could affect the migration of PAEs from the packaging to the food. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the increase in storage temperature can promote the transfer of PAEs from plastic to food, − such as high-temperature (above 25 °C) storage of drinking water in PET bottles, rapid packaging of freshly baked bread rolls, and heating food in paper bags and plastic packaging. ,, In addition, a decrease in the storage temperature can prohibit the transfer of PAEs from plastics to food. A Canadian study reported high concentrations of DnBP and DEHP in nonfrozen packaged meat products, whereas no PAEs were detected in frozen foods .…”

“…PAEs can migrate into food from different materials, such as plastic containers for soft drinks and mineral water, metal bottle caps and glass cap PVC gaskets for foods, and recycled cardboard packaging for baby food. , When different packaging types were used for the same food, there were differences in the migration of PAEs. Figure shows three different materials normally used in food packaging: impermeable, permeable, and porous materials.…”

“…The literature suggests that the migration process could be influenced by properties such as the molecular structure, relative molecular mass, and polarity of the migrating species. Studies have found that DBP and DINP have the greatest migration potential in mineral water, DEHP and DBP have the greatest migration potential in edible oil, DBP and DEHP exhibit large transfer potentials in both edible oil and mineral water, and DMP, DINP, and diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP) exhibit a lower migration. , In general, as the relative molecular mass of PAEs increases, the chain lengths gradually increase, structures gradually exhibit greater stability, solubility in water gradually decreases, polarities gradually decrease, and volatilization in food during the cooking process gradually decreases . Thus, the migration ability gradually decreases .…”