Simultaneous determination of ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1 in human plasma by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry

Ji, Hye Young; Lee, Hye Won; Kim, Hae Kyoung; Kim, Hui Hyun; Chang, Seung Goo; Sohn, Dong Hwan; Kim, Jaebaek

doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2003.12.020

Cited by 51 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Ji et al (2004) previously reported that following administration of a commercial ginseng capsule (1,500 mg) to healthy men, the maximum Rb1 concentration was 15.9 ng/ml in the plasma, as demonstrated via the LC/MS method [46]. Therefore, in this study, 5 μg/ml of ginsenoside Rb1, as a low dose in the cultured embryos (about 10 mg body weight), was 300 times higher than the human plasma absorption concentration.…”

Section: Figsupporting

confidence: 47%

Effects of Ginsenosides on Organogenesis and Expression of Glutathione Peroxidase Genes in Cultured Rat Embryos

Lee

Kim

Yon

et al. 2008

Journal of Reproduction and Development

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Abstract. Ginseng has been extensively used around the world for several thousand years as a food or drug. However, recently, several reports have indicated that the organogenesis of cultured embryos is inhibited by treatment with ginsenoside, the principal component of ginseng. In this study, we evaluated the morphological changes of embryos and the gene expression patterns of antioxidant enzymes, 3 types of glutathione peroxidases [GPx; cytosolic (cGPx), plasma (pGPx) and phospholipid hydroperoxide (phGPx) forms], in cultured rat embryos (embryonic days 9.5-11.5) exposed to ginsenosides Rb1, Rg1, Re and Rc at levels of 5, 50 and 100 μg/ml. With regard to total morphological scores, no significant differences were noted in the embryos exposed to all doses of ginsenosides, with the exception of 50 μg/ ml of Rc. In the cultured embryos exposed to Rg1, a majority of the developmental parameters were normal, but growth of the hind-and mid-brains and the caudal neural tube was significantly increased compared with that observed in the control group (P<0.05). Furthermore, Rc significantly enhanced the growth of a variety of developmental parameters in the cultured embryos, with the exception of the hindlimbs. According to the results of our semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis, the levels of cGPx and phGPx mRNA in the cultured embryos were unaffected by treatment with the ginsenosides. However, the levels of pGPx mRNA increased significantly in the embryos treated with ginsenosides Re, Rc and Rb1 compared with the control group (P<0.05). These findings indicate that ginsenosides may exert a stimulatory effect on the growth of embryos via differential expression of GPx genes. Key words: Ginsenoside, Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Rat, Whole embryo culture (J. Reprod. Dev. 54: [164][165][166][167][168][169][170] 2008) inseng, the root and rhizome of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Araliaceae), is one of the most popular herbs and is utilized in a variety of ways in traditional and herbal medicine to extend the human lifespan. The majority of pharmacological actions of ginseng have been attributed to ginsenosides and have been previously demonstrated in the central nervous, cardiovascular, endocrine and immune systems. In humans, ginseng and its constituents have been demonstrated to exert anti-neoplastic, anti-stress and antioxidant effects [1].Ginsenosides are generally divided into two groups on the basis of the type of aglycone, the panaxadiol and panaxatriol groups. Whereas the ginsenosides of the panaxadiol group with 20S-protopanaxadiol as a glycone consist principally of Ra, Rb1, Rb2, Rc and Rd, those of the panaxatriol group with 20S-protopanaxatriol as an aglycone consist primarily of Re, Rf, Rg1 and Rg2 [2,3].Ginseng is commonly used during pregnancy in humans as a nutritive supplement. In a recent survey, it was reported that 9.1% of pregnant women utilize herbal supplements, including ginseng [4,5]. However, there have only been a few studies conducted conce...

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Section: Figsupporting

confidence: 47%

Effects of Ginsenosides on Organogenesis and Expression of Glutathione Peroxidase Genes in Cultured Rat Embryos

Lee

Kim

Yon

et al. 2008

Journal of Reproduction and Development

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“…They include gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), HPLC coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS) [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. However, these methods appear to have either a complicated extraction procedure, low sensitivity, or a long chromatographic run-time, or perderivatization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of ginsenoside Rg3 in human plasma and urine by high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Zhao

Zheng

Jiang

et al. 2010

Journal of Chromatography B

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“…The blood concentrations of Rb1 and Rg1 might be much lower than their minimal embryotoxic concentrations in vitro; 30 and 10 mg/ml for Rb1 and Rg1, respectively (Chan et al, 2003;Liu et al, 2005Liu et al, , 2006. Furthermore, the maximum blood concentrations of intact ginsenosides were very low, not higher than 20 ng/ml, in human studies (Ji et al, 2004;Tawab et al, 2003), although decomposition rates of the ginsenosides might vary between animal species and humans.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…These studies suggest that ginseng can be teratogenic. Notably, there is evidence demonstrating the presence of major ginsenosides including Rb1 in the plasma and urine following oral administration (Ji et al, 2004;Tawab et al, 2003), suggesting that these ginsenosides may produce developmental side effects. Although it was reported that the use of ginseng did not exhibit adverse effects on pregnancy outcomes (Holst et al, 2008;Seely et al, 2008), it was not ruled out that, at high concentrations, ginsenosides Rb1, Rg1, and Re could be delivered into the uterus and affect the embryo or fetal development.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Korean red ginseng extract does not cause embryo‐fetal death or abnormalities in mice

Shin

Jang

Park

et al. 2010

Birth Defects Research Pt B

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Considerable developmental toxicities of KRGE, even at the upper-limit dose, were not observed in mice. These results might be due to the negligible blood concentrations of ginsenosides in their original forms following oral administration, suggesting that in vitro experiments to assess the effects of ginsenosides on embryotoxicity may not reliably explain the risks of ginsenosides to in vivo embryo-fetal development.

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Simultaneous determination of ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1 in human plasma by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry

Cited by 51 publications

References 14 publications

Effects of Ginsenosides on Organogenesis and Expression of Glutathione Peroxidase Genes in Cultured Rat Embryos

Effects of Ginsenosides on Organogenesis and Expression of Glutathione Peroxidase Genes in Cultured Rat Embryos

Determination of ginsenoside Rg3 in human plasma and urine by high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Korean red ginseng extract does not cause embryo‐fetal death or abnormalities in mice

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