Simultaneous determination of four tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNA) in human urine

Kavvadias, Dominique; Scherer, Gerhard; Urban, Michael; Cheung, Francis; Errington, Graham; Shepperd, Jim; McEwan, Michael

doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.03.009

Cited by 57 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Total (sum of the free base and glucuronide) TSNAs were determined by LC-MS/MS according to KAVVADIAS et al (29). NNK exposure was evaluated in all three studies by measuring urinary levels of NNAL-T. Total NNN (NNN-T), total NAB (NAB-T), and total NAT (NAT-T) were evaluated in the SNUS study only.…”

Section: Tobacco-specific Nitrosaminesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in Biomarkers of Exposure and Subjective Effects When Smokers Switch to Dual Use of Cigarettes and Either Snus or a Dissolvable Tobacco Product: A Summary of Three Clinical Studies

Round

Campbell

Stiles

et al. 2015

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research

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SUMMARYA series of ambulatory clinical studies were conducted to evaluate changes in biomarkers of tobacco exposure and subjective product ratings when adult smokers switched to dual use of cigarettes with Camel Strips (Strips), Camel Sticks (Sticks), or Camel (SNUS). In all studies, subjects smoked ad libitum for one week (baseline). In incremental stages over three subsequent weeks, subjects were instructed to reduce cigarettes per day (CPD) by at least 75% and include use of one type of smokeless tobacco product (STP). Product use data was recorded by subjects daily, questionnaires were administered and smoked cigarette filters and used snus pouches were collected weekly, and 24-hour urine samples were collected at baseline and the end of dual use for measurement of biomarkers of tobacco exposure. In total, 100 subjects were enrolled, and 88 completed the studies. At the end of dual use, mean CPD reductions of approximately 60% were reported in all studies. Median levels of biomarkers of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and acrolein either did not statistically significantly change or showed statistically significant decreases in all studies. Serum and urinary nicotine biomarkers did not significantly change. Twentyfive additional biomarkers were measured only in the SNUS study. Of those, 18 biomarkers statistically significantly decreased 12.4-35.7%. No statistically significant increases in biomarker levels were observed in any of the studies. Decreases in some biomarkers confirmed that smoking reductions occurred but were less than the reported CPD reductions. Mouth-level exposure estimates suggest subjects did not significantly alter their puffing behavior to compensate for decreased CPD. Acceptability ratings of cigarettes decreased significantly during dual use, while ratings of Strips and SNUS increased, suggesting that the change in use behavior affected subjects' perceptions of the products. Results from these studies suggest that smokers who switch to dual use with either dissolvable tobacco or snus will likely not increase tobacco constituent exposure and may reduce exposure to some tobacco toxicants, especially those associated with combustion. [Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 26 (2015)

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Section: Tobacco-specific Nitrosaminesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in Biomarkers of Exposure and Subjective Effects When Smokers Switch to Dual Use of Cigarettes and Either Snus or a Dissolvable Tobacco Product: A Summary of Three Clinical Studies

Round

Campbell

Stiles

et al. 2015

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research

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“…Twenty-one known BoEs for tobacco smoke toxicants with validated analytical methods [13,[23][24][25][26][27][28] were assessed in total (Supplemental Data, Table 1). Levels were reported as quantities of BoEs excreted over 24 h, and were calculated as products of the concentrations in urine and the volumes of urine produced by the subjects over the collection period.…”

Section: Clinical Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Reference change values to assess changes in concentrations of biomarkers of exposure in individuals participating in a cigarette-switching study

Camacho

Shepperd

Eldridge

et al. 2013

Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM)

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Background: In a previous clinical study, levels of biomarkers of exposure (BoEs) for specific toxicants were significantly reduced in smokers who switched from conventional cigarettes to reduced toxicant prototype (RTP) cigarettes. Very little is known about the biological variability of tobacco smoke BoEs within individuals and sub-groups, and the descriptive group-comparison statistics might not be sufficient to understand such changes. Therefore, we assessed how different statistical methods could be used to interpret changes in urine BoE levels at the individual level. Methods: We used non-parametric statistical reference limits, the empirical rule and reference change values (RCVs) to assess changes in levels of BoEs related to four toxicants in cigarettes smoke. Current smokers [of 6 mg and 1 mg International Organization for Standardization (ISO) tar yields] were allocated to switching to RTP groups or non-switching control groups within their respective tar bands. There were two 6 mg tar study groups, with a non-switching group (CC6, n = 46) and a group switching to an RTP containing tobacco-substitute sheet and modified filter (TSS6, n = 49); and three 1 mg tar smoker groups, with one non-switching (CC1, n = 42), a group switching to an RTP containing tobacco-substitute sheet and modified filter (TSS1, n = 44) and one switching to an RTP containing an enzyme-treated tobacco and modified filter (BT1, n = 47). Results: Assessment of the direction of change showed that up to the 100% of subjects experienced a decrease in levels of some BoEs. Between 49% and 64% of subjects in the switching groups were classified as having decreased levels of 3-hydroxy-1-methylpropylmercapturic acid (HMPMA) by the non-parametric criterion, whereas only 2%-6% had reduced levels of N-nitrosoanatabine (NAT). Of non-switchers, in 7%-14% of those smoking 1 mg ISO tar yield cigarettes increases were classified across

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“…NNK and its metabolite NNAL are metabolically activated to reactive intermediates that are carcinogenic. NNAL is detoxifi ed by glucuronidation, and urinary metabolites of NNAL and its glucuronides (NNAL-Glucuronide) are useful biomarkers of NNK uptake in humans ( Kavvadias et al, 2009 ;Xia, Bernert, Jain, Ashley, & Pirkle, 2011 ). Advantages of the NNAL and NNAL-Glucuronide (NNAL -Gluc) biomarkers include tobacco specifi city, direct relevance to carcinogen uptake, and consistent detection in exposed individuals ( Carmella, Han, Fristad, Yang, & Hecht, 2003 ;Hecht, 1998Hecht, , 2002.…”

Section: Tobacco-specifi C Nitrosamine Exposures In Smokers and Nonsmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamine Exposures in Smokers and Nonsmokers Exposed to Cigarette or Waterpipe Tobacco Smoke

Radwan

Hecht

Carmella

et al. 2012

Nicotine & Tobacco Research

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Introduction: The causal relationship between tobacco smoking and a variety of cancers is attributable to the carcinogens that smokers inhale, including tobacco-specifi c nitrosamines (TSNAs). We aimed to assess the exposure to TSNAs in waterpipe smokers (WPS), cigarette smokers (CS), and nonsmoking females exposed to tobacco smoke. Methods:We measured 2 metabolites , 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) and its glucuronides (NNAl-Gluc) in the urine of males who were either current CS or WPS, and their wives exposed to either cigarette or waterpipe smoke in a sample of 46 subjects from rural Egypt.Results: Of the 24 current male smokers, 54.2% were exclusive CS and 45.8% were exclusive WPS. Among wives, 59.1% reported exposure to cigarette smoke and 40.9% to waterpipe smoke. The geometric mean of urinary NNAL was 0.19 ± 0.60 pmol/ml urine (range 0.005 -2.58) in the total sample. Signifi cantly higher levels of NNAL were observed among male smokers of either cigarettes or waterpipe (0.89 ± 0.53 pmol/ml, range 0.78 -2.58 in CS and 0.21 -1.71 in WPS) compared with nonsmoking wives (0.04 ± 0.18 pmol/ml, range 0.01 -0.60 in CS wives, 0.05 -0.23 in WPS wives, p = .000). Among males, CS had signifi cantly higher levels of NNAL compared with WPS (1.22 vs. 0.62; p = .007). However, no signifi cant difference was detected in NNAL levels between wives exposed to cigarette smoke or waterpipe smoke. Conclusions:Cigarette smokers levels of NNAL were higher than WPS levels in males. Exposure to tobacco smoke was evident in wives of both CS and WPS. Among WPS, NNAL tended to increase with increasing numbers of hagars smoked/day.

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Simultaneous determination of four tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNA) in human urine

Cited by 57 publications

References 10 publications

Changes in Biomarkers of Exposure and Subjective Effects When Smokers Switch to Dual Use of Cigarettes and Either Snus or a Dissolvable Tobacco Product: A Summary of Three Clinical Studies

Changes in Biomarkers of Exposure and Subjective Effects When Smokers Switch to Dual Use of Cigarettes and Either Snus or a Dissolvable Tobacco Product: A Summary of Three Clinical Studies

Reference change values to assess changes in concentrations of biomarkers of exposure in individuals participating in a cigarette-switching study

Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamine Exposures in Smokers and Nonsmokers Exposed to Cigarette or Waterpipe Tobacco Smoke

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