Simultaneous determination of benzotriazoles and ultraviolet filters in ground water, effluent and biosolid samples using gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

“…All the extracts were analyzed by gas chromatographytandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS, Agilent 7000A/7890A, USA) based on our previous method (Liu et al, 2011). Target compounds in the samples were separated on a HP-5MS column (30 m × 0.22 mm, 0.25 μm thickness) with helium as carrier gas at a linear flow rate of 1.656 mL/min.…”

Section: Gc-ms/ms Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodegradation of three selected benzotriazoles in aquifer materials under aerobic and anaerobic conditions

Liu

Ying

Shareef

et al. 2013

Journal of Contaminant Hydrology

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“…The concentrations of UV filters in the aquifer were lower than those expected from simple mixing of the different recharge sources which suggested their removal from urban groundwater under different redox conditions. The presence of PCPs has been also reported in the groundwater bodies of UK (Stuart el al., 2011 and, Spain (Cabeza et al, 2012), Switzerland (Kahle et al, 2009), Germany (Reh et al, 2013), USA (Barnes et al, 2008), China (Peng et al 2014) and Australia (Liu et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence, fate and risk assessment of personal care products in river–groundwater interface

Serra-Roig

Jurado

Díaz-Cruz

et al. 2016

Science of The Total Environment

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This work presents the occurrence and fate of selected personal care products (PCPs) in the urban river-groundwater interface. To this end, urban river and groundwater samples were collected in Sant Adrià del Besòs (NE of Spain) and a total of 16 PCPs were analyzed including benzophenone derivatives, camphor derivatives, p-aminobenzoic acid derivatives, triazoles and parabens in three different campaigns (from May 2010 to July 2014). These compounds reach the aquifer through the recharge of Besòs River that receives large amounts of effluents from waste water treatment plants.Results shown that most of compounds were not or barely detected (maximum concentrations around 200 ng/L) in groundwater samples during the different sampling campaigns. Only two triazoles, namely benzotriazole (BZT) and methyl benzotriazol (MeBZT) were found at high concentrations in groundwater samples (maximum concentration around 2000 ng/L). The fate of PCPs in the aquifer was assessed using mixing analysis considering the seasonal variability of the Besòs River. Overall, measured groundwater concentrations were significantly much lower than those estimated by the mixing of the river water. This observation suggested that most of the PCPs are naturally removed when river water infiltrates the aquifer. However, some compounds were more persistent in the aquifer. These compounds were in descending order: the triazoles BZT and MeBZT followed by the camphor derivative 4MBC and the paraben MePB. The measured concentrations allowed us to assess the environmental risk posed by the selected UV-filters and parabens in the river and groundwater samples. Hazard Quotients (HQs) for different aquatic species were calculated in order to characterise the ecotoxicity potential of the studied compounds in the river-groundwater interface.HQ values were always below 1 indicating that at the concentrations observed in the surface or aquifer water of Besòs River these compounds pose no risk to the selected aquatic organisms.

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Section: Extraction Techniques For Water Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This type of sorbents is suitable for applications with target compounds over a wide range of chemical properties like the UV-filters under study (Arukwe et al, 2012;Liu et al, 2011). The high sample volumes in this procedure, usually from 100 mL (Goksoyr et al, 2009;Liu et al, 2010) up to 1.0 L (Kameda et al, 2011;Liu et al, 2011) is the main disadvantage of this technique. Because UV-filters are relatively polar, the great majority of authors use intermediate polarity solvents like dichloromethane (DCM) (Goksoyr et al, 2009;Kameda et al, 2011;Lambropoulou et al, 2002;Tashiro and Kameda, 2013) or ethyl acetate (EA) (Arukwe et al, 2012;Balmer et al, 2005;da Silva et al, 2015;Negreira et al, 2008;Poiger et al, 2004) to extract water samples.…”

Section: Extraction Techniques For Water Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in analytical methods and occurrence of organic UV-filters in the environment — A review

Ramos

Homem

Alves

et al. 2015

Science of The Total Environment

258

110

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UV-filters are a group of compounds designed mainly to protect skin against UVA and UVB radiation, but they are also included in plastics, furniture, etc., to protect products from light damage. Their massive use in sunscreens for skin protection has been increasing due to the awareness of the chronic and acute effects of UV radiation. Some organic UV-filters have raised significant concerns in the past few years for their continuous usage, persistent input and potential threat to ecological environment and human health. UV-filters end up is wastewater and because wastewater treatment plants are not efficient in removing them, lipophilic compounds tend to sorb onto sludge and hydrophilics end up in river water, contaminating the existing biota. To better understand the risk associated with UV-filters in the environment a thorough review regarding their physicochemical properties, toxicity and environmental degradation, analytical methods and their occurrence was conducted.Higher UV-filter concentrations were found in rivers, reaching 0.3 mg/L for the most studied family, the benzophenone derivatives. Concentrations in the ng to µg/L range were also detected for the paminobenzoic acid, cinnamate, crylene and benzoyl methane derivatives in lake and sea water.Although at lower levels (few ng/L), UV-filters were also found in tap and groundwater. Swimming pool water is also a sink for UV-filters and its chlorine by-products, at the µg/L range, highlighting the benzophenone and benzimidazole derivatives. Soils and sediments are not frequently studied, but concentrations in the µg/L range have already been found especially for the benzophenone and crylene derivatives. Aquatic biota is frequently studied and UV-filters are found in the ng/g-dw range with higher values for fish and mussels. It has been concluded that more information regarding UVfilter degradation studies both in water and sediments is necessary and environmental occurrences should be monitored more frequently and deeply. SEHSDT -sequential extraction with high-speed dispersion tool; SLE -solid-liquid extraction; SPEsolid-phase extraction; SPF -sun protection factor; SPLE -selective pressurized liquid extraction;SPMDs -semipermeable membrane devices; SPME -solid phase microextraction; TD -thermal desorption; TCE -tetrachloroethylene; THF -tetrahydrofuran; Tl -toluene; UPLC -ultraperformance liquid chromatography; USE -ultrasound extraction; UV -ultraviolet; WTP -water treatment plant; WWTP -wastewater treatment plant 4

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Simultaneous determination of benzotriazoles and ultraviolet filters in ground water, effluent and biosolid samples using gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Cited by 138 publications

References 37 publications

Biodegradation of three selected benzotriazoles in aquifer materials under aerobic and anaerobic conditions

Biodegradation of three selected benzotriazoles in aquifer materials under aerobic and anaerobic conditions

Occurrence, fate and risk assessment of personal care products in river–groundwater interface

Advances in analytical methods and occurrence of organic UV-filters in the environment — A review

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