Simultaneous determination of antihypertensive drugs by flow injection analysis using multiple pulse amperometric detection with a cathodically pretreated boron-doped diamond electrode

Abstract

A flow injection analysis (FIA) and multiple pulse amperometric detection (MPA) using a cathodically pretreated boron-doped diamond electrode (CPT-BDD) were employed for simultaneous determination of the antihypertensive drugs hydrochlorothiazide (HTZ) and enalapril (ENP). A dual-potential waveform as a function of time, previously optimized, was used: E det.1 = +1.50 V / 150 ms (pulse potential at which HTZ was oxidized) and E det.2 = +1.80 V / 150 ms (pulse potential at which oxidation of both analytes -HTZ and ENP -occurs). The analytical curves presented good linearity from 0.40 to 8.00 μmol L −1 for HTZ and from 0.03 to 1.00 μmol L −1 for HTZ, and the detection limits were 0.20 μmol L −1 for HTZ and 0.01 μmol L −1 for ENP. The proposed flow method presented an analytical frequency of 89 determinations per hour, good precision and accuracy, was successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of HTZ and ENP in pharmaceutical samples and the results obtained using the FIA-MPA method were in agreement with those obtained using a comparative method (HPLC) at a 95% confidence level.

On the performance of a hybrid process to mineralize the herbicide tebuthiuron using a DSA® anode and UVC light: A mechanistic study

“…The main drawback of electrochemical technology is the use of electrical energy; however, the efficiency of organic compound removal to the electrical energy consumed can be optimized by the choice of adequate electrode materials [10], as well as the combination with another treatment method [11]. Among the available electrode materials, boron-doped diamond has been extensively used to detect many different kinds of organic compounds [12] and treat effluents contaminated with SOC [13], due to the quasi free hydroxyl radicals (HO • ) produced from water discharge [14]; however, there are some operational problems associated with this anode, such as the BDD film stability during electrooxidation in the presence of chloride ions (Cl − ) [15,16]. On the other hand, dimensionally stable anodes (DSA ® ) are electrochemically stable and commercially available [17].…”

Electroanalysis of Pharmaceuticals on Boron‐Doped Diamond Electrodes: A Review

“…Analysis of authentic samples containing HCTZ and VAL showed no interference from the common additives and excipients. In addition, there are methodologies developed by other research groups for the simultaneous detection of HCTZ with enalapril, metoprolol, ramipril and with more of one pharmaceutical as described by Morais and coauthors that used AML, amiloride hydrochloride and atenolol …”

Simple and Fast Determination of Warfarin in Pharmaceutical Samples Using Boron‐doped Diamond Electrode in BIA and FIA Systems with Multiple Pulse Amperometric Detection

“…The use of Multiple Pulse Amperometry (MPA) combined with these hydrodynamic systems (FIA‐MPA and BIA‐MPA) has been applied in different purposes, such as: to simultaneously determine two or three analytes in several samples , to improve selectivity in the quantification of electroactive compounds , to increase precision of electroanalytical measurements using an internal standard and to improve the working electrode surface cleaning .…”