Simultaneous Determination of 20 -Agonists in Pig Muscle and Liver by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Liu, Chang; Wen-Ting, Ling; Wei-dong, XU; Chai, Yifeng

doi:10.1093/jaoac/94.2.420

Cited by 18 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…Specimens were sent out for clenbuterol analysis to the RIKILT Wageningen UR – Institute for Food Safety employing accordingly validated and accredited methods. A validated method using LC‐MS/MS was employed based on a RIKILT standard operating procedure . The decision limit (CCalfa), the limit at and above which it can be concluded with an α‐error probability of < 1% that a sample is non‐compliant is 0.01 microgram/kg.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Adverse analytical findings with clenbuterol among U‐17 soccer players attributed to food contamination issues

Thevis

Geyer

et al. 2013

Drug Testing and Analysis

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The illicit use of growth promoters in animal husbandry has frequently been reported in the past. Among the drugs misused to illegally increase the benefit of stock farming, clenbuterol has held a unique position due to the substance's composition, mechanism of action, metabolism, and disposition. Particularly clenbuterol's disposition in animals' edible tissues destined for food production can cause considerable issues on consumption by elite athletes registered in national and international doping control systems as demonstrated in this case-related study. Triggered by five adverse analytical findings with clenbuterol among the Mexican national soccer team in out-of-competition controls in May 2011, the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) initiated an inquest into a potential food contamination (and thus sports drug testing) problem in Mexico, the host country of the FIFA U-17 World Cup 2011. Besides 208 regular doping control samples, which were subjected to highly sensitive mass spectrometric test methods for anabolic agents, 47 meat samples were collected in team hotels during the period of the tournament and forwarded to Institute of Food Safety, RIKILT. In 14 out of 47 meat samples (30%), clenbuterol was detected at concentrations between 0.06 and 11 µg/kg. A total of 109 urine samples out of 208 doping control specimens (52%) yielded clenbuterol findings at concentrations ranging from 1-1556 pg/ml, and only 5 out of 24 teams provided urine samples that did not contain clenbuterol. At least one of these teams was on a strict 'no-meat' diet reportedly due to the known issue of clenbuterol contamination in Mexico. Eventually, owing to the extensive evidence indicating meat contamination as the most plausible reason for the extraordinary high prevalence of clenbuterol findings, none of the soccer players were sanctioned. However, elite athletes have to face severe consequences when testing positive for a prohibited anabolic agent and sufficient supporting information corroborating the scenario of inadvertent ingestion are required to be acquitted from anti-doping rule violations. Hence, governmental contribution is urgently needed to combat the illegal use of clenbuterol in stock breading.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A validated method using LC-MS/MS was employed based on a RIKILT standard operating procedure. [33][34][35] The decision limit (CCalfa), the limit at and above which it can be concluded with an a-error probability of < 1% that a sample is non-compliant [36] is 0.01 microgram/kg.…”

Section: Analysis Of Meat Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adverse analytical findings with clenbuterol among U‐17 soccer players attributed to food contamination issues

Thevis

Geyer

et al. 2013

Drug Testing and Analysis

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“…[1][2][3] Because of this reason, these compounds have been banned as growthpromoting agents in farm animals in Europe and Asia. 4 Therefore, regular monitoring of meat samples for the absence of these forbidden compounds is of great importance to ensure effective consumer protection.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In the last few years, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has become a method of choice for residue analysis of b-agonists. [4][5][6][7] Unfortunately, the existence of matrix effects (MEs) has become a challenge causing signal suppression or enhancement of analytes, and in turn, leading to false negative or positive results while their mechanism is poorly understood. On this count, more and more attention is paid to discuss or to evaluate this phenomenon in method development and validation.…”

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confidence: 99%

Selection of a representative matrix for the multiresidue analysis of nine β-agonists in animal tissues and urine with LC-MS/MS

Wang

et al. 2013

Analyst

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In the determination of nine β-agonists including salbutamol, terbutaline, cimaterol, fenoterol, clorprenaline, ractopamine, tulobuterol, clenbuterol and penbuterol in porcine, bovine, lamb and chicken muscle, liver and urine samples with LC-MS/MS, calibration curves prepared in solvent (SC) were compared with those prepared in each matrix (MC) for all analytes. Significant differences (P < 0.05) between SC and each MC for most analytes indicated the existence of matrix effects and the necessity of using MC for quantitation to compensate MEs. Then MC in each muscle, liver and urine sample was compared with the select potential representative matrix, followed by validating the recoveries of nine analytes calculated through the MC in the potential representative matrix and MC in their corresponding matrices, respectively. The results suggested that porcine muscle could be selected as a representative matrix to calibrate β-agonist residues in bovine, lamb and chicken muscle samples.

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“…Rapid immunochemical tests such as radioimmunoassay and enzyme immunoassay are often used for screening purpose of typical β‐agonists compounds , but they are not suitable for multiresidue analysis. Alternatively, GC‐MS and LC‐MS methods have been reported. The requirement of derivatization, which is time consuming, tedious, and expensive, limited the application of GC‐MS method.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiresidue analysis of nine β-agonists in animal muscles by LC-MS/MS based on a new polymer cartridge for sample cleanup

et al. 2013

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A novel, sensitive, and reliable LC-MS/MS method for multiresidue analysis of nine β-agonists (salbutamol, terbutaline, cimaterol, fenoterol, clorprenaline, ractopamine, tulobuterol, clenbuterol, and penbuterol) in four farm animal muscles was developed. Muscle matrix was extracted with acetonitrile-10% sodium carbonate solution, and then was subjected to cleanup using a SPE cartridge packed with new polymer synthesized in acetone. Chromatographic separation of the components was performed on a Luna C18 column using 0.1% of formic acid in water and acetonitrile. The mass spectrometer was operated in the positive electrospray mode. Good precision and accuracy were obtained for all analytes (except for fenoterol) at the spiked three levels of 1.0, 10, and 50 μg/kg. The decision limit and detection capability of nine β-agonists ranged from 0.04 to 0.18 and 0.15 to 0.69 μg/kg, respectively. The method developed was successfully applied to the monitoring of nine β-agonists in pork, beef, mutton, and chicken from Chinese markets.

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Simultaneous Determination of 20 -Agonists in Pig Muscle and Liver by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Cited by 18 publications

References 0 publications

Adverse analytical findings with clenbuterol among U‐17 soccer players attributed to food contamination issues

Adverse analytical findings with clenbuterol among U‐17 soccer players attributed to food contamination issues

Selection of a representative matrix for the multiresidue analysis of nine β-agonists in animal tissues and urine with LC-MS/MS

Multiresidue analysis of nine β-agonists in animal muscles by LC-MS/MS based on a new polymer cartridge for sample cleanup

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