Simultaneous Determination of 11 Sulfonamides by HPLC–UV and Application for Fast Screening of Their Aerobic Elimination and Biodegradation in a Simple Test

Abstract

Sulfonamides (SAs) are one of the most frequently used antibiotics. SAs have been found in various environmental compartments. If SAs are not degraded in the environment, they can affect bacteria by their antibiotic properties and contribute to bacterial antibiotic resistance. Therefore, the biodegradability of 11 SAs (sulfanilamide, sulfaguanidine monohydrate, sulfadiazine, sulfathiazole, sulfapyridine, sulfamerazine, sulfamethoxypyridazine, sulfachloropyridazine, sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole, and sulfadimethoxine) was studied. For this purpose, the Closed Bottle Test (CBT, OECD 301D) was performed, which includes a toxicity control. In order to monitor the environmental fate of the parent compound and to check for transformation products, a simple, efficient, and reliable HPLC–UV method for the simultaneous determination of these SAs has been developed. Acetonitrile and water (with 0.1% formic acid) were used as mobile phase solvents for gradient elution. The method was validated in terms of precision, detection and quantitation limits, selectivity, and analytical solution stability. In the CBT, none of these SAs was readily biodegradable. The HPLC–UV analysis confirmed that no degradation of any SA took place. In the toxicity control, these SAs showed no toxic effect in the used concentration of environmental bacteria applied in the test.

Effects of halide ions on photodegradation of sulfonamide antibiotics: Formation of halogenated intermediates

“…Impacts of Cl À on the photodegradation As Cl À is one of the important constituents and exhibits gradient variation in estuarine waters, we explored its effects on the photodegradation of the SAs with different concentrations relevant to estuarine conditions. In the dark controls, no obvious loss of the SAs was observed, implying that the decay from other processes than photodegradation such as sorption or biodegradation/hydrolysis was negligible, which is consistent with previous studies that SAs are resistant to biodegradation (Mahmoud et al, 2013) and hydrolysis (Białk-Bieli nska et al, 2012). Linear regression of ln (C t /C 0 ) vs time (t) showed that the photodegradation of the SAs followed a pseudo-first order kinetics (r > 0.98, p < 0.05).…”

An effective strategy for preparation of a polyclonal antibody with an addition of carbon chain of ciprofloxacin

“…Therefore, the adverse drug reaction (ADR) of FQNs had obtained more attention. Traditionally, drug residues analysis relied on chromatography, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), 2 liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-MS), 3 and LC-MS/MS. 4 However, chromatography has many limitations such as time-consuming and instruments valuableness.…”

Enhanced sulfamethoxazole degradation in soil by immobilized sulfamethoxazole-degrading microbes on bagasse

“…1,2 SMX is also widely used in farming and aquaculture. [3][4][5][6] Due to the characteristics of SMX, approximately 15-25% is incompletely metabolized and excreted into the surrounding environment from the human or animal body aer ingestion. [7][8][9][10] The wide use of SMX raises particular concerns for human health because its presence in the environment may harm human health and lead to antibiotic resistance, [11][12][13] as well as being a serious threat to soil and water ecosystems.…”

“…In China, SMX is released from four major sources: industry, hospitals, farms, and households; some SMX is released into water and soil without pre-treatment. 6,14 The degradation of SMX in soil, therefore, has become a major environmental concern. To date, different physicochemical techniques have been tested to remove SMX from polluted soil or water including oxidation, [15][16][17] adsorption, 18-21 photodegradation 22 and hydrolysis.…”