Simultaneous Determination and Analysis of Major Ginsenosides in Wild American Ginseng Grown in Tennessee

Abstract

Ginsenosides are the major constituent that is responsible for the health effects of American ginseng. The ginsenoside profile of wild American ginseng is ultimately the result of germplasm, climate, geography, vegetation species, water, and soil conditions. This is the first report to address the ginsenoside profile of wild American ginseng grown in Tennessee (TN), the third leading state for production of wild American ginseng. In the present study, ten major ginsenosides in wild American ginseng roots grown in TN, including Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg2, and Rg3, were determined simultaneously. The chemotypic differences among TN wild ginseng, cultivated American ginseng, and Asian ginseng were assessed based on the widely used markers of ginsenoside profiling, including the top three ginsenosides, ratios of PPD/PPT, Rg1/Rb1, Rg1/Re, and Rb2/Rc. Our findings showed marked variation in ginsenoside profile for TN wild ginseng populations. Nevertheless, TN wild ginseng has significant higher ginsenoside content and more ginsenoside diversity than the cultivated ginseng. The total ginsenoside content in TN wild ginseng, as well as ginsenosides Rg1 and Re, increases with the age of the roots. Marked chemotypic differences between TN wild ginseng and cultivated American ginseng were observed based on the chemotypic markers. Surprisingly, we found that TN wild ginseng is close to Asian ginseng with regard to these characteristics in chemical composition. This study verified an accessible method to scientifically elucidate the difference in chemical constituents to distinguish wild from the cultivated American ginseng. This work is critical for the ecological and biological assessments of wild American ginseng so as to facilitate long‐term sustainability of the wild population.

Machine learning methods to predict the cultivation age of Panacis Quinquefolii Radix

“…The variation in saponins content may result in different bioactivities of the final AG product as demonstrated by the previous studies [ 7 ]. The dependence of ginsenoside contents in AG on either growth year or producing region we observed here is consistent with previous findings [ 9 , 15 , 27 , 28 ].…”

A rapid, simultaneous and quantitative analysis of 26 ginsenosides in white and red Panax ginseng using LC–MS/MS

“…In white Panax ginseng, major ginsenoside of Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, and Rg1 [22] were observed at relatively higher concentration as expected [5,23,24]. The S-isomer was eluted faster than the R-isomer with the higher concentration [6,20].…”

A systematic review of ginsenoside biosynthesis, spatiotemporal distribution, and response to biotic and abiotic factors in American ginseng

“…27 Among these ginsenosides, six major ones (Rb 1 , Rb 3 , Rc, Rd, Re, and Rg 1 ) make up over 70% of the total ginsenosides in American ginseng, while the top ten major ginsenosides (Rb 1 , Rb 2 , Rb 3 , Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg 1 , Rg 2 , and Rg 3 ) account for more than 90% of the total ginsenoside content. 28 The remarkable medicinal value of American ginseng and its ginsenosides has led to a substantial increase in market demand over the past few decades. However, the varying quality of cultivated American ginseng and the low ginsenoside content present a challenge that has resulted in a gap between the demand and supply of American ginseng and ginsenosides.…”