Simultaneous detection of residual diazepam, ketamine, nimetazepam, and xylazine by high-performance liquid chromatography: application in drug-spiked beverages for forensic investigation

Teoh, Way Koon; Sadiq, Nabeesathul Sumayya Mohamed; Saisahas, Kasrin; Phoncai, Apichai; Kunalan, Vanitha; Muslim, Noor Zuhartini Md; Limbut, Warakorn; Abdullah, Ahmad Fahmi Lim; Chang, Kah Haw

doi:10.1080/00450618.2022.2067231

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…has reported that there is evidence of xylazine usage in drug-spiked beverages. [ 5 ] Without proper law enforcement of this drug, this could potentially lead to an unfavorable social impact.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A case series of accidental xylazine intoxication in humans; Is there a role of naloxone as an antidote?

Choon

Khiruddin

Annuar

et al. 2023

Turkish Journal of Emergency Medicine

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Xylazine is a type of sedative commonly used in veterinary medicine. It acts on the central alpha-2 receptor and suppresses norepinephrine release from the peripheral nerve terminal. It is also reported to have action on cholinergic, serotogenic, H2-histamine, dopaminergic, and opioid receptors. Once administered in animals, it causes hypotension, bradycardia, central nervous system depression, and respiratory depression. The effect will start within minutes after absorption and last up to 4 h depending on the dosage given. Till date, it is only exclusively used in animals as approved by the Food and Drug Administration. Human intoxication is uncommon, and no specific antidote is available. Naloxone, a competitive opioid receptor antagonist, was postulated to have an antidotal effect on xylazine. We report two cases of accidental human injection with xylazine. Naloxone was administered in one of the cases. Acute hypertension and mydriasis were observed; however, no apparent reversal of toxidrome was seen. This finding reveals the question regarding the efficacy and benefit of naloxone usage in xylazine intoxication. General management remains supportive of care focusing on ventilation and hemodynamics. Attending physicians should be aware of potential xylazine intoxication incidents in the area of livestock or veterinary activities.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A case series of accidental xylazine intoxication in humans; Is there a role of naloxone as an antidote?

Choon

Khiruddin

Annuar

et al. 2023

Turkish Journal of Emergency Medicine

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“…HS-SPME-IMS method for determination of ketamine and midazolam [ 808 ]; magnetic dispersive SPME coupled with GC-MS for simultaneous determination of tramadol and fluoxetine in water and biological samples [ 809 ]; ultrasound-assisted dispersive SPME technique for simultaneous preconcentration and determination of ultra-trace amount of carbamazepine and phenobarbital [ 810 ]; review focusing on the sensing of DFSA drugs (Rohypnol, flunitrazepam, GHB and ketamine) and potential limitations for real life implementations of the sensors [ 811 ]; optimization and validation of a dried blood spot microwave-assisted extraction LC-MS method for the determination of selected substances from the date-rape drugs group: ketamine, benzodiazepines and cocaine [ 812 ]; simultaneous voltammetric determination of noscapine and lorazepam [ 813 ]; 2022 CV with portable Raman spectroscopy for determination of mephedrone (4-MMC) and 4-methylethcathinone (4-MEC) [ 814 ]; ion-selective electrodes for cocaine, tropane, atropine, and scopolamine [ 815 ]; electrochemical sensor for the simultaneous detection of morphine and methadone [ 816 ]; HPLC method for simultaneous detection of four sedative-hypnotic drugs (diazepam, ketamine, nimetazepam, and xylazine) recovered from spiked beverages [ 817 ]; Vortex-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction-gas chromatography (VADLLME-GC) determination of residual ketamine, nimetazepam, and xylazine from drug-spiked beverages in liquid, droplet, and dry forms [ 818 ]; LC-MS-MS screening method for MA, AMP, MDMA, MDA, paramethoxymethamphetamine (PMMA), ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, ketamine, deschloroketamine (DCK), 2-fluorodeschloroketamine (2-F-DCK) and 2-oxo-PCE [ 819 ]; enrichment bag-based liquid-phase microextraction (EB-LPME) system to isolate and enrich AMP, MA, MDMA, ketamine, codeine and fentanyl from wastewater [ 820 ].…”

Section: Routine and Improved Analyses Of Abused Substancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interpol Review of Drug Analysis 2019-2022

Love

Jones

2023

Forensic Science International: Synergy

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“…Such evidence would appear in dry form due to complete consumption of beverages by victims or delay in forensic analysis. Several studies have successfully proven the possibility of detecting spiked drugs although the beverage residue appeared in dried form [4,5,[24][25][26][27][28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection and discrimination of sedative‐hypnotics in spiked beverage dry residues using attenuated total reflectance‐Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics

Teoh

Sadiq

Saisahas

et al. 2022

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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Drugs-facilitated crimes (DFCs) involve the incapacitation of victims under the influence of drugs. Conventionally, a drug administration act is often determined through the examination of biological samples; however, dry residues from any surface, such as drinking glass if related to a DFC could be a potential source of evidence. This study was aimed to establish an attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics for the determination of spiked sedative-hypnotics from dry residues of a drug-spiked beverage. In this study, four sedative-hypnotics, namely diazepam, ketamine, nimetazepam, and xylazine were examined using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Subsequently, the ATR-FTIR profiles were compared and decomposed by principal component analysis (PCA) followed by linear discriminant analysis (LDA) for their detection and discrimination. Visual comparison of ATR-FTIR profiles revealed distinct spectra among the tested drugs. An initial unsupervised exploratory PCA model indicated the separation of four main sedativehypnotics clusters, and the proposed PCA score-LDA model had allowed for a 100% accurate classification. Discrimination of sedative-hypnotics from a dry beverage previously spiked with these drugs was also possible upon an additional extraction procedure. In conclusion, ATR-FTIR coupled with PCA score-LDA model was useful in detecting and discriminating sedative-hypnotics, including those that had been previously spiked into a beverage.

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Simultaneous detection of residual diazepam, ketamine, nimetazepam, and xylazine by high-performance liquid chromatography: application in drug-spiked beverages for forensic investigation

Cited by 5 publications

References 20 publications

A case series of accidental xylazine intoxication in humans; Is there a role of naloxone as an antidote?

A case series of accidental xylazine intoxication in humans; Is there a role of naloxone as an antidote?

Interpol Review of Drug Analysis 2019-2022

Detection and discrimination of sedative‐hypnotics in spiked beverage dry residues using attenuated total reflectance‐Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics

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