Simultaneous Detection of Methane, Ethane, and Propane by QEPAS Sensors for On-Site Hydrocarbon Characterization and Production Monitoring

Abstract

Natural gas is sampled and produced throughout the lifespan of a petroleum field. Gas composition and isotope data are critical inputs in the exploration and field development, such as gas show identification, petroleum system analysis, fluid characterization, and production monitoring. On-site gas analysis is usually conducted within a mud gas unit, which is operationally unavailable after drilling. Gas samples need to be taken from the field and shipped back to the laboratory for gas chromatography and isotoperatio mass spectrometry analyses. Results are usually without sufficient resolution to fully characterize the heterogeneity and dynamics of fluids within the reservoir and the production system. In addition, it often takes a considerable time to obtain the results using the traditional method. A novel QEPAS (quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy) sensor system was developed to move gas composition analyses to field for quasi-real-time characterization and monitoring. With respect to previously reported QEPAS prototypes for trace gas detection, the new system realized measuring concentrations of methane (C1), ethane (C2), and propane (C3) in gas phase within the percentage range that is typically encountered in natural gas samples from oil and gas fields. A gas mixing enclosure was used to dilute the natural gas-like mixtures in nitrogen gas (N 2 ) to avoid the saturation of QEPAS signals. An iterative analysis based on multilinear regression of QEPAS spectra was developed to filter out the influence of gas matrix variation from multiple hydrocarbon components. The advance in simultaneous measuring hydrocarbon gases and expanded linearity range of QEPAS, with previously reported detection of H 2 S, CO 2 , and gas isotopes ( 12 CO 2 / 13 CO 2 , 13 CH 4 / 12 CH 4 ), opens a way to use the advanced sensing technology for in situ and real-time gas detection and chemical analysis in the oil industry.

Dual-comb quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy

“…In most cases, QEPAS is performed with frequency-tunable lasers [31] , [32] , [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] (primarily quantum cascaded lasers for accessing the mid- and far- infrared or even THz regions). Compared to frequency-tunable QEPAS, there may be a few benefits of using dual-combs.…”

“…Finally, regarding nonlinear spectroscopic measurements, we must mention that SA effects have been investigated for QEPAS [24] , [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] . For instance, gas sensing was performed for CO at SA conditions for theoretically and experimentally studying the impacts of SA effects on the overall performance of intra-cavity QEPAS [24] .…”

“…For instance, gas sensing was performed for CO at SA conditions for theoretically and experimentally studying the impacts of SA effects on the overall performance of intra-cavity QEPAS [24] . A multilinear regression algorithm using the SA information of methane was also reported for properly evaluating gas concentrations for gas mixtures [34] . However, in most cases, optical saturation effects were avoided to maintain a linear relationship between the PA signal and gas concentrations [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] .…”

“…A multilinear regression algorithm using the SA information of methane was also reported for properly evaluating gas concentrations for gas mixtures [34] . However, in most cases, optical saturation effects were avoided to maintain a linear relationship between the PA signal and gas concentrations [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] . To our knowledge, nonlinear SA spectroscopy has not been carried out with QEPAS.…”

Multivariate spectral analysis in quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy

“…Due to quartz piezoelectric properties, this device acts as both resonator and transducer, providing stable resonance frequencies and high quality factors 6 . Photoacousticbased sensing has already proven its capabilities in several fields such as: i) environmental monitoring [7][8][9][10] ; ii) hazardous and toxic gases detection [11][12][13][14] ; iii) oil&gas industry [15][16][17][18] ; iv) energy systems monitoring [19][20][21][22] . As photoacoustic transducer, the QTF is characterized by wavelength-independent response respect to the laser source employed to target the absorption features of the selected target gases [23][24][25] .…”