Simultaneous detection of antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease non-structural proteins 3ABC, 3D, 3A and 3B by a multiplexed Luminex assay to differentiate infected from vaccinated cattle

Differentiation of Foot-and-Mouth Disease-Infected Pigs from Vaccinated Pigs Using Antibody-Detecting Sandwich ELISA

“…Since antibodies to FMDV NSPs are considered to be present only in infected animals, the antibodies can be used to discriminate infected from vaccinated animals. Moreover, since the NSPs are relatively conserved among different serotypes, the detection of anti-NSP antibodies has an additional advantage of serotypes independence [11,12]. During the last decade, the use of immunoenzymatic tests based on the detection of antibodies to NSPs to assess viral circulation in susceptible populations has been extensively studied and has allowed for a "vaccination to live" policy, and this approach can be supported by testing vaccinated animals for the presence of antibodies to certain NSPs of FMDV, which are induced by infection with the virus, but not by vaccination with purified FMD vaccines [5,29].…”

Development of a Chromatographic Strip Assay for Detection of Porcine Antibodies to 3ABC Non-Structural Protein of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype O

“…Anti-NSP antibodies, which are usually present only in FMDV-infected animals, have been considered to be indicators for discriminating infected from vaccinated animals [9]. Since NSPs are highly conserved among serotypes, detection of the antibodies has the additional advantage of serotype independence [10].…”

“…During the last decade, the use of immuno-enzymatic tests to detect anti-NSP antibodies and thus to assess virus circulation in susceptible populations has been studied extensively. Methods such as the latex beads agglutination test [26], enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot assay [2], enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [2,3,5,8,9,10,12,16,17,19,[23][24][25] and multiplexed Luminex assay [9] have been employed for this purpose. These assays all need to be performed in the laboratory with different instrument and technical requirements, which restricts the use of these methods in the field and hence prolongs the time between diagnosis and response to this rapidly transmitted disease.…”

Multiplexed Immunoassays

“…At present, the most successful and robust multiplexing technology is Luminex xMAP platform, which combines advanced fluidics, optics, and digital signal processing with proprietary microsphere technology to deliver multiplexed assay capabilities. Importantly, Luminex is an open technology and numerous companies have marketed the Luminex system, including Bio-Rad, Qiagen, Invitrogen, and Millipore ect.. And a steadily growing list of ready-to-use multiplexed immunoassays have also been provided by these companies for applications in biomarker discovery , autoimmune disease diagnostics [77][78][79][80] , infectious disease diagnostics [81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93] , neurological diseases [94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101] , HLA testing [102][103][104] , and drug discovery 105,106 ( Table 4).…”

“…Moreover, encoded microsphere based multiplexed immunoassay technology could improve diagnostics of infectious diseases by enabling the simultaneous detection of antibodies or antigens to multiple infectious pathogens, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the Hepatitis A, B, C virus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, as well as a large number of other viral, bacterial and parasitic pathogens. [81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93] FDA-approved assays for infectious diseases (e.g. EBV, HSV, MMRV, Syphilis, and ToRC assays on BioPlex TM 2200 or Multi-Lyte TM ) are already available on market.…”