Simultaneous contrast as a function of separation between test and inducing fields.

Leibowitz, Herschel W.; Mote, F. A.; Thurlow, Willard R.

doi:10.1037/h0062595

Cited by 103 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Brightness of the test field was found to be enhanced when the inducing luminance was less than the test luminance (Heinemann, 1955;Kleman et ai, 19(1) and depressed when the inducing luminance was greater than the test luminance (Diamond, 1953). In addition, depression of the test field was found to decrease with an increase in spatial separation (Beitel, 1936;Fry & Alpern, 1953;Leibowitz, Mote, & Thurlow, 1953) and increase with an increase in the inducing-field area (Diamond, 1955).…”

Section: Wall Of Darkroommentioning

confidence: 87%

“…less, according to a comparison between Diamond's and Heinemann's results) than a completely surrounding annulus of the same area and luminance, it has been postulated (Leibowitz et al, 1953;Diamond, 1(60) that the amount by which the inducing field surrounds the lest field is a powerful variable in determining brightness can trast effects. Support for such a pustulate was found at threshold luminance by Kaplan and Ripps (1960 Amount of surround and test-inducing separation in simultaneous brightness contrast* Simultaneous brightness contrast is investigated in the fovca as a function of (I) amount of surround of the inducing field (Experiment I) and (2) separation between the test and inducing fields (Experiment 2).…”

Section: Wall Of Darkroommentioning

confidence: 99%

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Amount of surround and test-inducing separation in simultaneous brightness contrast

Cole

Diamond

1971

Perception & Psychophysics

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Section: Wall Of Darkroommentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Wall Of Darkroommentioning

confidence: 99%

Amount of surround and test-inducing separation in simultaneous brightness contrast

Cole

Diamond

1971

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…As for the argument of remote inhibition, we would not expect much effect, because the plasterboard background is never closer than 1.8 deg of visual angle to the target and contrast effects have been found to drop off precipitously beyond distances of about 1 deg (Leibowitz, Mote, & Thurlow, 1953). Nevertheless, we created a control condition to lay the argument completely to rest.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The classification and integration of edges as critical to the perception of reflectance and illumination

Gilchrist

Delman

Jacobsen

1983

Perception & Psychophysics

149

138

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A pattern of luminances equivalent to that of a traditional simultaneous lightness display (two equal gray squares, one on a white background and the other on an adjacent black background) was presented to observers under two conditions, and matches were obtained for both perceived reflectance and perceived illumination level of the squares and their backgrounds. In one condition, the edge dividing the two backgrounds was made to appear as the boundary between a white and a black surface, as in the traditional pattern. The squares then were perceived as almost the same shade of middle gray. In the other condition, a context was supplied that made the edge between the backgrounds appear as the boundary between two illumination levels, causing one square to appear black and the other white. These results were interpreted as a problem for local ratio theories, local edge theories, and lateral inhibition explanations of lightness constancy, but as support for the concepts of edge classification, edge integration, and the retinal image as a dual image.Theories that appear different or even opposite may nonetheless share a common starting assumption, and the preoccupation with such apparent differences may serve to obscure flaws in the common assumption. Believing this to be true for theories of lightness perception, we have chosen an alternative, and somewhat radical, starting point for the experiments we report here. This approach will be more easily grasped if we begin by reviewing the central role of luminance information in current theories of lightness perception.The Photometer Metaphor: Absolute Lumiuauce Levels as the Basic Iuput Implicit in most theory and research on the perception of surface lightness is a conception we would call the photometer metaphor. This term refers to the assumption that, fundamentally, the visual system measures the intensity of light reflected by each point in a visual scene. Helmholtz and Hering, although their views were usually in opposition, both assumed that absolute intensity of reflected light (luminance) was available as an input to the visual system. Of course, neither their theories of lightness perception nor the more modem theories are

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“…We call these grayness induction (or downward induction) and luminosity induction (or upward induction), respectively, and both have been obtained in empirical work. Grayness induction is obtained in standard "brightness induction" experiments (Diamond, 1953;Fry & Alpern, 1953;Heinemann, 1955;Horeman, 1965;Leibowitz, Mote, & Thurlow, 1953;Torii & Uemura, 1965). Increasing the luminance difference between a target (usually called the testfield) and a neighboring region (called the inducingfield) produces a perceived darkening of the darker region, but not a brightening of the brighter region.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceived area and the luminosity threshold

Bonato

Gilchrist

1999

Perception & Psychophysics

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Observers made forced-choice opaque/luminous responses to targets of varying luminance and varying size presented (1) on the wall of a laboratory, (2) as a disk within an annulus, and (3) embedded within a Mondrian array presented within a vision tunnel. Lightness matches were also made for nearby opaque surfaces. The results show that the threshold luminance value at which a target begins to appear self-luminous increases with its size, defined as perceived size, not retinal size. Moregenerally,the larger the target, the more an increase in its luminance induces graynesslblackness into the surround and the less it induces luminosityinto the target, and viceversa. Correspondingto this luminosity/grayness tradeoff, there appears to be an invariant: Across a wide variety of conditions, a target begins to appear luminous when its luminance is about 1.7times that of a surface that would appear white in the same illumination. These results show that the luminosity threshold behaves like a surface lightness valuethe maximum lightness value, in fact-and is subject to the same laws of anchoring (such as the area rule proposed by Li & Gilchrist, 1999)as surface lightness.

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Simultaneous contrast as a function of separation between test and inducing fields.

Cited by 103 publications

References 20 publications

Amount of surround and test-inducing separation in simultaneous brightness contrast

Amount of surround and test-inducing separation in simultaneous brightness contrast

The classification and integration of edges as critical to the perception of reflectance and illumination

Perceived area and the luminosity threshold

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