Simultaneous and Successive Presentation of Elements of the Mueller-Lyer Figure and Chronological Age

Pollack, Robert H.

doi:10.2466/pms.1964.19.1.303

Cited by 67 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…With the simultaneous Mueller-Lyer illusion, Holmes (1974) observed no difference in illusory magnitude when figures were presented in the right and left hemifields, and found her results not inconsistent with Pollack's (1964Pollack's ( , 1969 two-process theory of visual illusions, which, in part, maintains that primary illusions are a function of stimulus variables and receptor properties. Indeed, the results of the present investigation are not inconsistent with a peripheral account of the Poggendorff illusion, .…”

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confidence: 97%

The effect of retinal location on the magnitude of the Poggendorff illusion

Greist

Grier

1977

Perception & Psychophysics

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Section: Downmentioning

confidence: 97%

The effect of retinal location on the magnitude of the Poggendorff illusion

Greist

Grier

1977

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…1964 suggest that it is due to a decline in the sensitivity of the visual receptor as it ages. Pollack (1964) and Spitz andBlackman (1958, 1959) are representative of those researchers who have demonstrated that Type II phenomena appear to be more highly correlated with mental age than with chronological age, while Type I phenomena are more highly correlated with chronological age than with mental age.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…which require a successive comparison of the figural parts and show an increase ill illusion magnitude with age. Pollack (1964) converted the Mueller-Lyer illusion. which is a Type I illusion in its traditional form (Pollack.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Illusion magnitude as a function of visual field exposure

Clem

Pollack

1975

Perception & Psychophysics

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Forty-eight right-handed subjects divided into four groups, each consisting of six males and six females, were employed in an investigation of cerebral hemispheric influence on the perception of tachistoscopically presented simultaneous and successive versions of the Mueller-Lyer figure. The simultaneous version exposed in the left visual field resulted in a larger effect than did right visual field exposures. The successive version exposed in the right visual field resulted in a larger illusion magnitude than it did in the left visual field. The magnitude of visual field differences in response to the successive version was greater than visual field differences found in response to the simultaneous version.

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“…Presentation of such phenomena usually involves a sequence of discrete stimulus events, registered by the S as traces, which are then centrally compared and contrasted. Pollack (1964) demonstrated this by converting a Type I illusion (MuellerLyer) into a Type II illusion, by altering the mode of presentation from simultaneous to successive. This was done by presenting the oblique inducing lines before presenting the main line.…”

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confidence: 99%

The effects of age and intelligence on the dark-interval threshold

Pollack

Ptashne

Carter

1969

Perception & Psychophysics

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The threshold for the detection of the dark interval between two flashes of light (DIT) was investigated for 240 school children aged [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] Pollack (1969) has put forth a two-process theory to explain age changes in visual perception. One of these processes, nondevelopmental in nature. involves a progressive loss in receptor sensitivity due to physiological aging. Within the framework of this theory those phenomena which show nondevelopmental age changes (Type I) are not correlated with intellectual ability, but appear to be related directly to receptor efficiency and such stimulus variables as intensity, duration, contrast, and orientation. The operation of all these variables depends on the sensitivity and efficiency of the visual receptor system. Weale (1963) has shown that lenticular density and pigmentation, as well as retinal pigmentation, increase with age, while pupil size decreases. The pinpointing of the precise mechanisms involved, however, requires further physiological investigation. Some behavioral research exists that tends to confmn the above notions. Polla<:k's investigation of contour detectability thresholds in childhood (I963c) supports the above. Both sensitivity to contour as produced by brightness contrast and the magnitude of the Mueller-Lyer illusion were found to decline between ages 8 and 12, and intelligence played no significant role. Two experiments by Pollack (1965a. b) on backward figural masking showed that figure-grounu contrast of the target and contour orientation of the target and mask were significant variables in producing the masking effect with adults. Those conditions that produced the maximal amount of backward masking in adults were presented to children ranging in age from 7 to 10 years. The interstimulus interval permitting masking declined steadily as a function of increasing chronological age. Adult Ss exhibited masking with even shorter intervals than the l()..year-olds. There was no correlation with IQ. Again, stimulus variables interacting with the declining sensitivity of the visual receptor system were believed to be the factors responsible for the decline in masking with age.The other process put forth by Pollack ( 1969) is "developmental" in that age changes seem to be related to central cognitive functions and abilities that are hierarchically organized. Those phenomena showing developmental age changes (Type II) are correlated with intellectual ability and do not depend as much upon classical stimulus variation. Presentation of such phenomena usually involves a sequence of discrete stimulus events, registered by the S as traces, which are then centrally compared and contrasted. Pollack (1964) demonstrated this by converting a Type I illusion (MuellerLyer) into a Type II illusion, by altering the mode of presentation from simultaneous to successive. This was done by presenting the oblique inducing lines before presenting the main line. The classical illusion reversed its usual direction; the new iUusion increased in ma...

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Simultaneous and Successive Presentation of Elements of the Mueller-Lyer Figure and Chronological Age

Cited by 67 publications

References 9 publications

The effect of retinal location on the magnitude of the Poggendorff illusion

The effect of retinal location on the magnitude of the Poggendorff illusion

Illusion magnitude as a function of visual field exposure

The effects of age and intelligence on the dark-interval threshold

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