Simultaneous and Global Optimizations of LNG-Fueled Hybrid Electric Ship for Substantial Fuel Cost, CO₂, and Methane Emission Reduction

Abstract

Natural gas (NG) is a promising low-carbon fuel to replace diesel for heavy-duty marine propulsion with prominent fuel cost and carbon dioxide equivalent (CDE) emissions reduction potential. However, using NG in compression ignition (CI) engines presents several inherent drawbacks. This research addresses the central issue of an NG-diesel CI engine with increased methane emissions, resulting in minor CDE emission reduction. The hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions are minimized in addition to fuel consumption and carbon dioxide emission reduction as in the current practice. The simultaneous optimizations of powertrain component sizes and the NG-engine hybrid electric propulsion control are introduced to minimize NG fuel consumption and CDE emissions globally. The top-level powertrain component sizing and bottomlevel optimal power control and energy management are conducted simultaneously to achieve global optimization with balanced fuel cost and CDE emissions reductions. The new method reduced the fuel cost by about 75 percent and well-to-wake CDE emissions by about 40 percent over the traditional dieselmechanical propulsion for the test ferry running under an actual operation profile. The research opened a new path to the global design and control optimization of the NG-diesel CI enginepowered hybrid electric marine propulsion system.

Optimal Sizing, Gear Ratios, and Shifting Schedule of Battery‐Electric Mining Haul Trucks to Enhance Energy Efficiency

“…Alternatively, the collected operating data of the studied MHT can be used as the operation profile. [36] In this study, we collected the truck speed, load states, and road grade of the stated MHT during its routine operation with the support of industrial partner North Hauler Ltd. Inc. All the data were collected using a CAN data logger device, presented in Figure 5a. The device was installed in the electric control cabinet, shown in Figure 5b.…”

Monitoring and Controlling System of Smart Mini Greenhouse Based on Internet of Things (IoT) for Spinach Plant (Amaranthus sp.)

“…automation using the Internet of Things (IoT) in a greenhouse environment [23]. Such plant life can be monitored regularly to increase the yield with high quality and quantity [24]. The smart device installed in the greenhouse has many sensors that measure environmental parameters, such as temperature and air humidity [25].…”