Simultaneous analysis of mitragynine, 7-hydroxymitragynine, and other alkaloids in the psychotropic plant “kratom” (Mitragyna speciosa) by LC-ESI-MS

Kikura‐Hanajiri, Ruri; Kawamura, Maiko; Maruyama, Toru; Kitajima, Mariko; Takayama, Hiromitsu; Goda, Yukihiro

doi:10.1007/s11419-009-0070-5

Cited by 98 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…We found multiple commercial Kratom products to have concentrations of 7-hydroxymitragynine that are substantially higher than those found in raw M. speciosa leaves [16,27,30]. Our findings strongly suggest adulteration of commercial Kratom products with 7-hydroxymitragynine, a plant alkaloid with potent mu-opioid receptor activity, a practice that increases the abuse liability and addictive potential of Kratom products.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

“…Our findings strongly suggest adulteration of commercial Kratom products with 7-hydroxymitragynine, a plant alkaloid with potent mu-opioid receptor activity, a practice that increases the abuse liability and addictive potential of Kratom products. For example, concentrations of mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine in raw M. speciosa leaves range between 23.6-24.0 μg/mg and 114-134 ng/mg, respectively [30]. Comparison of naturally occurring 7-hydroxymitragynine concentrations with the Phoria products listed in Table 2 demonstrates striking deviation from what would be expected.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

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Suspected Adulteration of Commercial Kratom Products with 7-Hydroxymitragynine

et al. 2016

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Introduction Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa), a plant native to Southeast Asia, has been used for centuries for its stimulant and opium-like effects. Mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine, exclusive to M. speciosa, are the alkaloids primary responsible for Kratom's biologic and psychoactive profile, and likely contribute to its problematic use. We purchased several commercially available Kratom analogs for analysis and through our results, present evidence of probable adulteration with the highly potent and addictive plant alkaloid, 7-hydroxymitragynine. Methods A simple and sensitive LC-MS/MS method was developed for simultaneous quantification of mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine in methanol extract of marketed Kratom supplements. Results We found multiple commercial Kratom products to have concentrations of 7-hydroxymitragynine that are substantially higher than those found in raw M. speciosa leaves. Conclusions We have found multiple packaged commercial Kratom products likely to contain artificially elevated concentrations of 7-hydroxymitragynine, the alkaloid responsible for M. speciosa's concerning mechanistic and side effect profile. This study describes a unique form of product adulteration, which stresses the importance of increased dietary supplement oversight of Kratom-containing supplements.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Suspected Adulteration of Commercial Kratom Products with 7-Hydroxymitragynine

et al. 2016

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“…The LODs and LOQs ranged from 0.26 to 1.1 and from 0.78 to 36 pg/ml, respectively. In addition, Kikura-Hanajiri et al reported on simultaneous analysis of mitragynine, 7-hydroxymitragynine and other indole alkaloids (speciogynine, speciociliatine, and paynantheine) in the psychotropic plant "kratom" (M. speciosa) [177].…”

Section: Alkaloidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent developments in qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytochemical constituents and their metabolites using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry

Guo

Chen

et al. 2013

Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis

161

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“…Lower doses tend to yield a dopaminergic-dominant result or stimulation, while higher doses result in a mu-opioid receptor-dominant effect, which eclipses the dopaminergic expression or physical and emotional hedonia and pain relief [12,24,35,36]. Many analytical approaches have been reported for the separation and identification of kratom, including GC and GC-MS [2,3,[37][38][39], LC and LC-MS [38,[40][41][42][43][44] and CE and CE-MS [43,45,46]. In this study, we report a rapid and effective method for quantification mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine compounds in human urine matrix.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Screening and Identification of Mitragynine and 7-Hydroxymitragynine in Human Urine by LC-MS/MS

Cid

Dworkin

et al. 2015

Chromatography

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Kratom is a tree planted in Southeast Asia, including Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar (Burma) and elsewhere in the region. A long history of usage and abuse of kratom has led to the classification of kratom as a controlled substance in its native Thailand and other Southeast Asian countries. However, kratom is not controlled in the United States, and the wide availability of kratom on the Internet and in the streets has led to its emergence as an herbal drug of misuse. With the increasing popularity of kratom, efficient protocols are needed to detect kratom use. In this study, a rapid method for the analysis of kratom compounds, mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine, in human urine has been developed and validated using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The chromatographic system employed a 2.6-µm 100 mm × 2.1 mm phenyl-hexyl analytical column and gradient elution with a 0.4-mL/min flow rate of water and acetonitrile as mobile phases. A triple quadrupole mass spectrometer was used as the detector for data acquisition. The analyst was the quantification software. The established method demonstrated linearity of >0.99 for both analytes, and low detection limits were obtained down to 0.002581 ng/mL for mitragynine and 0.06910 ng/mL for 7-hydroxymitragynine. The validated method has been utilized for clinical analysis of urine for the purpose of mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine detection.

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Simultaneous analysis of mitragynine, 7-hydroxymitragynine, and other alkaloids in the psychotropic plant “kratom” (Mitragyna speciosa) by LC-ESI-MS

Abstract: speciosa abuse is a matter of major concern. The present analytical method is considered useful for the screening of M. speciosa products in the drug market.

Cited by 98 publications

References 19 publications

Suspected Adulteration of Commercial Kratom Products with 7-Hydroxymitragynine

Suspected Adulteration of Commercial Kratom Products with 7-Hydroxymitragynine

Recent developments in qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytochemical constituents and their metabolites using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry

Screening and Identification of Mitragynine and 7-Hydroxymitragynine in Human Urine by LC-MS/MS

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