Simultaneous alcohol and marijuana use among underage young adults in the United States

Patrick, Megan E.; Terry‐McElrath, Yvonne M.; Lee, Christine M.; Schulenberg, John E.

doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.08.015

Cited by 90 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 29 publications

(48 reference statements)

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“…Marijuana use is also common among young adults, with 38% using in the past year (Schulenberg et al, ), and prevalence potentially increasing (e.g., White et al, ), especially in states like Washington where recreational marijuana is legal for adults (21+). Most young adults who use marijuana also use alcohol (Patrick et al, ), and recent research indicates simultaneous use of alcohol and marijuana is associated with greater alcohol use compared to drinking occasions without using marijuana among veterans (Metrik et al, ). SAM users have been found to be higher on risk factors such as perceived norms of peer SAM use and sensation seeking (e.g., Linden‐Carmichael et al, ; White et al, ).…”

Section: Sam Use and Consequences Among Young Adultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some young adults report engaging in SAM use in order to get “cross‐faded,” whereby young adults increase their levels of intoxication via SAM use (Patrick and Lee, ). Simultaneous use of both alcohol and marijuana use is prevalent among adolescents and young adults (Briere et al, ; Patrick et al, , ; Subbaraman and Kerr, ). Findings suggest that between 15 and 23% of adolescents and young adults engaged in SAM use within the past year (Subbaraman and Kerr, ; Terry‐McElrath et al, ).…”

Section: Sam Use and Consequences Among Young Adultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Daily Study Comparing Alcohol‐Related Positive and Negative Consequences for Days With Only Alcohol Use Versus Days With Simultaneous Alcohol and Marijuana Use in a Community Sample of Young Adults

Lee

Patrick

Fleming

et al. 2020

Alcoholism Clin & Exp Res

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Background Alcohol and marijuana are psychoactive substances commonly used by young adults and are independently associated with numerous acute and long‐term consequences. Many young adults engage in simultaneous alcohol and marijuana (SAM) use to cross‐fade (i.e., to enhance the effects of intoxication), although the extent to which alcohol use and alcohol‐related consequences increase on SAM occasions compared to alcohol‐only occasions is unclear. This study examines daily data among a sample of SAM users comparing SAM days to other days when young adults only used alcohol. Methods A sample of 409 young adults (age 18 to 25; Mage = 21.6, SD = 2.2; 50.9% women) who reported SAM use in the past month completed 2 bursts of 14 days of daily surveys (28 days in total) assessing alcohol use, alcohol‐related consequences, and SAM use. Results Multilevel models based on alcohol‐only and SAM days (n = 3,016 days; 391 individuals) indicated young adults drank more alcohol on SAM days compared to alcohol‐only days (with no marijuana use). Similarly, days with SAM use were associated with more alcohol‐related positive and negative consequences. The daily association between SAM use and positive consequences was statistically significant, after accounting for the amount of alcohol consumed; in contrast, the association between SAM use and negative consequences was diminished and nonsignificant. Conclusions Among young adult SAM users, days with SAM use were associated with more alcohol use and positive consequences compared to days they only drank alcohol. Further examination of the motivational context for engaging in SAM use, as well as potential physiological interactions between alcohol and marijuana use on alcohol’s effects, is warranted. Alcohol interventions might benefit from addressing increased alcohol use and alcohol‐related consequences as risks associated with SAM use.

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Section: Sam Use and Consequences Among Young Adultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sam Use and Consequences Among Young Adultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Daily Study Comparing Alcohol‐Related Positive and Negative Consequences for Days With Only Alcohol Use Versus Days With Simultaneous Alcohol and Marijuana Use in a Community Sample of Young Adults

Lee

Patrick

Fleming

et al. 2020

Alcoholism Clin & Exp Res

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“…It is critical to distinguish demographic correlates of SAM use from demographic correlates of alcohol and marijuana use. For example, gender differences in SAM use have been found among college students (Arterberry et al., ) as well as twelfth graders (Collins et al., ; Patrick et al., ), young adults (Patrick et al., ), and adults (Midanik et al., ), indicating that males, compared with females, are more likely to report SAM use. However, studies controlling for frequency of alcohol and marijuana use have found that women report more frequent SAM use (Collins et al., ; Hoffman et al., ; Terry‐McElrath et al., ).…”

Section: Normative Influences On Substance Usementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Inconsistent racial/ethnic group differences in SAM have also been observed. Some studies have found that white, compared with black, youth reports higher SAM use (Patrick et al., ; Terry‐McElrath et al., ), whereas others have found the converse (Arterberry et al., ; Collins et al., ) or no racial/ethnic group differences (Patrick et al., ). The current study fills a gap in the literature by controlling for existing differences in alcohol and marijuana use while examining sociodemographic differences in SAM use among college students.…”

Section: Normative Influences On Substance Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous Alcohol and Marijuana Use Among College Students: Patterns, Correlates, Norms, and Consequences

White

Kilmer

Fossos-Wong

et al. 2019

Alcoholism Clin & Exp Res

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Background: Alcohol and marijuana users often engage in simultaneous alcohol and marijuana (SAM) use (i.e., using the 2 substances together so that their effects overlap), which can result in more negative consequences than using either substance alone. Nevertheless, little is known about SAM use among contemporary college students to aid in the development of preventive interventions. This study examined SAM use patterns, demographic correlates of SAM use, and normative influences on SAM use and related negative consequences among college students.Methods: Students who had used alcohol and marijuana in the past year were recruited from 3 state universities in states with different laws regarding recreational marijuana use (N = 1,389). They completed an online survey, which assessed their own alcohol, marijuana, and SAM use and related consequences, their perceptions of the proportion of same-gender peers and close friends who engaged in SAM use, marijuana access, and demographic characteristics.Results: About three-fourths of participants reported at least 1 occasion of SAM use in the past year with an average frequency of twice per month among SAM users. There were significant differences in SAM use prevalence and frequency by sociodemographic characteristics controlling for pastyear alcohol and marijuana frequency. Students in a state with decriminalized recreational marijuana use reported higher frequency of past-year SAM use than students in states with legalized or criminalized use. There were significant demographic differences in perceived norms regarding SAM use among close friends and same-gender peers. SAM users endorsed significantly higher perceived peer and friend norms than nonusers. Also, higher perceived norms predicted more frequent SAM use and more negative consequences of use.Conclusions: Results indicate a need for prevention programs on college campuses that address SAM use. Interventions that use personalized normative feedback may be effective.

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“…The most important individual factors reported are age and gender, with male and young adults exhibiting higher rates of alcohol use ( Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction, 2017 ), impaired driving ( Butters et al, 2012 ; Canadian Centre on Substance Use and Addiction, 2018 ; Perreault, 2016 ), and involvement in motor vehicle collisions following cannabis use ( Asbridge et al, 2012 ; Robertson et al, 2017 ). Socioeconomic determinants such as education, employment, income and housing are also associated to drinking and driving: drinking drivers are more likely to have full-time employment and significantly higher average annual income ( Beirness & Davis, 2007 ), whereas full-time college attenders not living with parents are at greater odds of simultaneous alcohol and marijuana use ( Patrick, Terry-McElrath, Lee, & Schulenberg, 2019 ). Sociocultural factors, which include race and ethnicity, are also predictors of substance use, as cultural norms and practices influence behaviors in social settings ( Sudhinaraset, Wigglesworth, & Takeuchi, 2016 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Substance use and impaired driving prevalence among Francophone and Anglophone postsecondary students in Western Canada

Gueye

Bohémier

Moissac

2019

Addictive Behaviors Reports

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Introduction Substance use and impaired driving increase risk of motor vehicle crashes and deaths. Individual, socio-economic and -cultural factors are associated with these at-risk behaviors; however, little is known if differences exist between the Anglophone majority and minority Francophone populations in Canada. This article describes prevalence of substance use, impaired driving and driving practices by postsecondary student and compares Francophones and Anglophones with respect to these behaviors. Methods Postsecondary students between 18 and 24 years attending a Francophone university in Western Canada completed a paper-based survey during class-time. Results Prevalence of alcohol consumption, binge drinking and marijuana use in the past month were 88.6%, 64.2% and 22.7% respectively. Francophone participants were more likely to consume more alcohol, participate in drinking games, and consume marijuana during the past month than Anglophones. They were also more likely to report impaired-driving, speeding, distracted driving and being passenger in a motor vehicle driven by an impaired driver. Conclusion Awareness campaigns on campus highlighting the risks of substance use and unsafe driving practices should be strengthened and target Francophone students in linguistic minority communities.

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Simultaneous alcohol and marijuana use among underage young adults in the United States

Cited by 90 publications

References 29 publications

A Daily Study Comparing Alcohol‐Related Positive and Negative Consequences for Days With Only Alcohol Use Versus Days With Simultaneous Alcohol and Marijuana Use in a Community Sample of Young Adults

A Daily Study Comparing Alcohol‐Related Positive and Negative Consequences for Days With Only Alcohol Use Versus Days With Simultaneous Alcohol and Marijuana Use in a Community Sample of Young Adults

Simultaneous Alcohol and Marijuana Use Among College Students: Patterns, Correlates, Norms, and Consequences

Substance use and impaired driving prevalence among Francophone and Anglophone postsecondary students in Western Canada

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