Simulations of Ultrasonographic Periodontal Probe Using the Finite Integration Technique

Abstract

Periodontal disease is one of the most pervasive dental diseases in older adults. It involves the loss of connective tissue attachment with subsequent destruction of tooth-supporting bone, leading to loss of teeth. Periodontal pocket depth is currently measured with an invasive manual probe, but adapting diagnostic ultrasound to this purpose can avoid the pain and inaccuracy inherent in manual probing. In this paper, 3D simulations of ultrasonic periodontal probe measurements are described, using a parallel finite integration technique which is adaptable enough to create realistic anatomical geometries. The outputs of the simulation include 3D pressure values distributed throughout the periodontal anatomy, 2D vertical cross sections of the acoustic pressure waves, and the pressure across the face of the transducer which is used to synthesize the ultrasonic echo. Experimental comparison with a simple phantom is also shown. Lastly, the energy values for different simulations are calculated from the 3D pressure values to describe the amount of energy reaching different zones, especially the junctional epithelium. The simulations as well as the energy studies show that only a small portion of the ultrasonic energy is reaching the junctional epithelium, and so sophisticated mathematical techniques are required to ultrasonically measure pocket depth.

An Ultrasonographic Periodontal Probe

“…3). A comparison of a waveform from the ultrasonographic periodontal probe with a waveform generated by 3D parallel elastodynamic finite integration simulations on the relevant anatomy [15] is shown in Figure 4. Note that there is no visible reflection from the periodontal ligament in either the experimental or simulated waveforms.…”

“…The ultrasonographic periodontal probe uses high-frequency ultrasound to determine the depth of the periodontal ligament non-invasively. An ultrasonic transducer projects high frequency (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15) ultrasonic energy between the tooth and the gum and detects echoes of the returning wave ( Figure 1b).…”

Future of periodontics lies in artificial intelligence: Myth or reality?

“…By using a binary classification algorithm, it instantly gives two possible pocket depths with 90% readability. 4 Periodontally compromised teeth can also be predicted by using periapical radiographs and convolutional neural networks. 5 The future of periodontics will be much different than what it is now.…”

Ultrasonographic Detection of Tooth Flaws

“…The wavelet transform is a mathematical operation which maps a waveform from time domain to time-scale domain, and the Dynamic Wavelet Fingerprinting (DWFP) technique [7] is our implementation which creates binary contour plots of the wavelet transform coefficients (Fig. 3).…”