“…Molecular dynamics simulation studies by others, however, severely contest these interpretations and insist that water is a homogeneous liquid. ,,, To understand the structure of water on the molecular and nanoscale level, there is a need for alternative experimental techniques that can probe the water structure over nanometric length scales and, correspondingly, on time scales comparable to the femtosecond restructuring time of the hydrogen bond network of water. However, although there are many spectroscopic techniques to probe the water structure, − nearly all methods are sensitive to the hydration shell (subnanometric length scales involving at most a few layers of water) and spatiotemporal structural averaging, severely limiting our understanding of the nanometric length and femtosecond time scales on which water structures and transforms …”