Simulations of the 4DMPET SiPM-based PET module

Pennazio, Francesco; Barrio, John; Bisogni, Maria Giuseppina; Cerello, Piergiorgio; Luca, Giulia De; Guerra, A. Del; Lacasta, C.; Llosá, G.; Magazzù, G.; Moehrs, Sascha; Peroni, C.; Wheadon, R.

doi:10.1109/nssmic.2011.6153871

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Due both to the critical angle at the epoxy/crystal interface and to the geometrical distribution of the optical photons on each pixel, clusters on the side closer to the scintillation position have a smaller number of pixels than the opposite one. Thus, this parameter is related to the DOI information, as shown in [ 30 , 40 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depth of interaction determination in monolithic scintillator with double side SiPM readout

et al. 2017

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BackgroundMonolithic scintillators read out by arrays of photodetectors represent a promising solution to obtain high spatial resolution and the depth of interaction (DOI) of the annihilation photon. We have recently investigated a detector geometry composed of a monolithic scintillator readout on two sides by silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) arrays, and we have proposed two parameters for the DOI determination: the difference in the number of triggered SiPMs on the two sides of the detector and the difference in the maximum collected signal on a single SiPM on each side. This work is focused on the DOI calibration and on the determination of the capability of our detector. For the DOI calibration, we studied a method which can be implemented also in detectors mounted in a full PET scanner. We used a PET detector module composed of a monolithic 20 × 20 × 10 mm3 LYSO scintillator crystal coupled on two opposite faces to two arrays of SiPMs. On each side, the scintillator was coupled to 6 × 6 SiPMs. In this paper, the two parameters previously proposed for the DOI determination were calibrated with two different methods. The first used a lateral scan of the detector with a collimated 511 keV pencil beam at steps of 0.5 mm to study the detector DOI capability, while the second used the background radiation of the 176Lu in the scintillator. The DOI determination capability was tested on different regions of the detector using each parameter and the combination of the two.ResultsWith both parameters for the DOI determination, in the lateral scan, the bias between the mean reconstructed DOI and the real beam position was lower than 0.3 mm, and the DOI distribution had a standard deviation of about 1.5 mm. When using the calibration with the radioactivity of the LYSO, the mean bias increased of about 0.2 mm but with no degradation of the standard deviation of the DOI distribution.ConclusionsThe two parameters allow to achieve a DOI resolution comparable with the state of the art, giving a continuous information about the three-dimensional interaction position of the scintillation. These results were obtained by using simple estimators and a detector scalable to a whole PET system. The DOI calibration obtained using lutetium natural radioactivity gives results comparable to the other standard method but appears more readily applicable to detectors mounted in a full PET scanner.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depth of interaction determination in monolithic scintillator with double side SiPM readout

et al. 2017

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“…This property can be used to estimate the z coordinate of the event inside the crystal. Simulations have shown that a z resolution of 1.4 mm FWHM can be achieved [11].…”

Section: I) Timestamp Clusteringmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This problem can be addressed by using a double threshold technique where the arrival time of the first photoelectron provides the event timestamp and TH high validates the information. Simulations have shown that a resolution of σ = 102 ps can be achieved with the double threshold technique [11]. Once a valid event has been detected, the system translates the relevant timestamp into a digital word by a converter and evaluates the associated energy by exploiting a time over threshold (TOT) technique.…”

Section: Front-end Asicmentioning

confidence: 99%

An innovative detection module concept for PET

Marino¹,

Ambrosi²,

Baronti³

et al. 2012

J. Inst.

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The design of a Positron Emission Tomography detection module capable of working inside a Magnetic Resonant Imaging system is the main objective of the 4D-MPET project. Combining the two imaging technologies offers better soft tissue contrast and lower radiation doses by providing both functional and morphological information at the same time. The proposed detector will feature a three-dimensional architecture based on two tiles of Silicon Photomultipliers coupled to a single LYSO scintillator on both its faces. Silicon Photomultipliers are magneticfield compatible photo-detectors with a very small size enabling novel detector geometries that allow the measurement of the Depth of Interaction as well as a high detector packing fraction to maximize system sensitivity. Furthermore they can be fabricated using standard silicon technology, have a large gain in the order of 10 6 and are very fast thus allowing evaluating the Time of Flight. Among the other features of the proposed detection system, the architecture of the innovative readout electronics will be also described which plays a relevant role for the achievement of the desired performance and is based on custom integrated circuits. Simulation results of the whole system show good performance in terms of time and spatial resolution: a timestamp of 100 ps is the ultimate performance achievable with the use of a double threshold technique along with fast electronics. Time over threshold is exploited to provide the energy information with a bin size of 400 ps. Moreover, a z resolution of 1.4 mm Full Width at Half Maximum can be achieved. The proposed detector can also be exploited in other tracking applications, such as High Energy Physics and Astrophysics.

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“…Recent LSO and LYSO based detectors have exhibited resolutions larger than 200 ps [37]- [39]. However, simulations have shown that a resolution of around 100 ps is achievable if both sides of a LYSO crystal are coupled to a SiPM matrix [40]. This demands for a σLSB of the TDC smaller than 100 ps.…”

Section: Tdc Specificationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Multichannel and Compact Time to Digital Converter for Time of Flight Positron Emission Tomography

Marino

Baronti

Fanucci

et al. 2015

IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.

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This paper presents a novel multichannel time to digital converter (TDC) specifically designed for the digitization of photon time of flight (TOF) and energy in positron emission tomography (PET) scanners. A coarse-fine architecture based on a counter combined with a delay locked loop (DLL) is implemented using a fully synchronous approach exploiting the pipeline principle and dynamic logic. This makes the design particularly compact and suitable for multichannel applications. The converter is also able to reject the events generated by the dark noise of the photodetectors used in the PET modules. This significantly reduces the communication bandwidth required for reading the TDC outputs. The TDC has been designed in a 65 nm CMOS process and features 8 channels that provide the arrival time information of an event with an LSB of 102 ps. The core occupies an active area of 0.3 mm 2 and consumes 230 mW. Index Terms-Time to digital converter, time of flight positron emission tomography, delay locked loop, pipeline processing.

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Simulations of the 4DMPET SiPM-based PET module

Cited by 11 publications

References 8 publications

Depth of interaction determination in monolithic scintillator with double side SiPM readout

Depth of interaction determination in monolithic scintillator with double side SiPM readout

An innovative detection module concept for PET

A Multichannel and Compact Time to Digital Converter for Time of Flight Positron Emission Tomography

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