Simulations of ⁷Be and ¹⁰Be with the GEOS-Chem global model v14.0.2 using state-of-the-art production rates

Abstract

Abstract. The cosmogenic radionuclides 7Be and 10Be are useful tracers for atmospheric transport studies. Combining 7Be and 10Be measurements with an atmospheric transport model can not only improve our understanding of the radionuclide transport and deposition processes but also provide an evaluation of the transport process in the model. To simulate these aerosol tracers, it is critical to evaluate the influence of radionuclide production uncertainties on simulations. Here we use the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model driven by the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2) reanalysis to simulate 7Be and 10Be with the state-of-the-art production rate from the CRAC:Be (Cosmic Ray Atmospheric Cascade: Beryllium) model considering realistic spatial geomagnetic cutoff rigidities (denoted as P16spa). We also perform two sensitivity simulations: one with the default production rate in GEOS-Chem based on an empirical approach (denoted as LP67) and the other with the production rate from the CRAC:Be but considering only geomagnetic cutoff rigidities for a geocentric axial dipole (denoted as P16). The model results are comprehensively evaluated with a large number of measurements including surface air concentrations and deposition fluxes. The simulation with the P16spa production can reproduce the absolute values and temporal variability of 7Be and 10Be surface concentrations and deposition fluxes on annual and sub-annual scales, as well as the vertical profiles of air concentrations. The simulation with the LP67 production tends to overestimate the absolute values of 7Be and 10Be concentrations. The P16 simulation suggests less than 10 % differences compared to P16spa but a significant positive bias (∼18 %) in the 7Be deposition fluxes over East Asia. We find that the deposition fluxes are more sensitive to the production in the troposphere and downward transport from the stratosphere. Independent of the production models, surface air concentrations and deposition fluxes from all simulations show similar seasonal variations, suggesting a dominant meteorological influence. The model can also reasonably simulate the stratosphere–troposphere exchange process of 7Be and 10Be by producing stratospheric contribution and 10Be/7Be ratio values that agree with measurements. Finally, we illustrate the importance of including the time-varying solar modulations in the production calculation, which significantly improve the agreement between model results and measurements, especially at mid-latitudes and high latitudes. Reduced uncertainties in the production rates, as demonstrated in this study, improve the utility of 7Be and 10Be as aerosol tracers for evaluating and testing transport and scavenging processes in global models. For future GEOS-Chem simulations of 7Be and 10Be, we recommend using the P16spa (versus default LP67) production rate.

Modeling Atmospheric Transport of Cosmogenic Radionuclide 10Be Using GEOS‐Chem 14.1.1 and ECHAM6.3‐HAM2.3: Implications for Solar and Geomagnetic Reconstructions

“…The model 10 Be results are compared with the 10 Be deposition data set compiled by Zheng et al (2023) and two ice 10 Be traverse data sets from East Antarctica (Horiuchi et al, 2022) and Greenland ) (Figure 1). While the model 7 Be results are compared with air and deposition measurements compiled by Zhang et al (2021) (Figure S3 in Supporting Information S1).…”

“…Additionally, to evaluate the deposition bias due to solar and geomagnetic modulations, we further run two sensitivity simulations with the same climate conditions but different production corresponding to a solar minimum (Maunder minimum) and a geomagnetic minimum (Laschamps excursions) (Figure S2 in Supporting Information S1). For all simulations, the first 6 years are used for model spin-up (e.g., Zheng et al, 2023) to make sure 10 Be reaches equilibrium in the atmosphere and the remaining 9 years are used for analysis. We compared stratospheric 10 Be concentration within the simulations with constant production rates (e.g., Laschamps simulation), in which the drift in stratospheric 10 Be concentrations is below 2% per year.…”

“…This study aims to improve the interpretation of 10 Be deposition using two state-of-the-art global models: ECHAM6.3-HAM2.3 aerosol-climate model, and GEOS-Chem 14.1.1 atmospheric transport model. Both GEOS-Chem and ECHAM-HAM have been demonstrated to be able to simulate 10 Be transport and deposition reasonably well (e.g., Heikkilä, Beer, Jouzel, et al, 2008;Zheng et al, 2023). Models are incorporated with the latest 10 Be production model CRAC: Be (Cosmic Ray Atmospheric Cascade: application to Beryllium) by Poluianov et al (2016).…”

“…GEOS-Chem 14.1.1 (denoted as GEOS-Chem) is a chemical transport model driven by archived meteorological data sets, either from the outputs of GCMs (e.g., Murray et al, 2021) or assimilated meteorological data sets archived from the Goddard Earth Observing System (e.g., MERRA2, Gelaro et al, 2017). The model assumes that 10 Be behaves as a submicron aerosol after production and is removed by dry and wet depositions (Liu et al, 2001;Zheng et al, 2023). The wet deposition scheme includes rainout (in-cloud scavenging), scavenging in convective updrafts (Mari et al, 2000), and washout (below-cloud scavenging) by precipitation (Wang et al, 2011).…”

“…Another explanation could be due to the higher classification of tropospheric 10 Be production in E63H23 compared to GEOS-Chem (more than 50%; Figure S1 in Supporting Information S1), hence more locally produced 10 Be is deposited in polar regions. For a detailed discussion of models' abilities capturing beryllium transport and deposition processes, we refer to studies by Zheng et al (2023) for GEOS-Chem and for ECHAM-HAM.…”