Simulations of multi-beam sonar echos from schooling individual fish in a quiet environment

Holmin, Arne Johannes; Handegard, Nils Olav; Korneliussen, Rolf J.; Tjøstheim, Dag

doi:10.1121/1.4763981

Cited by 27 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Conversely, non‐feeding fishes, with no other force influencing them other than the risk of predation, will exhibit less individualistic behaviour and form denser shoals as predation risk increases (Fréon et al ., ; Gerlotto et al ., ). In comparison, Holmin () estimated the density of a wild C. harengus school in the Norwegian Sea outside the feeding and reproduction periods to be S v = −33·2 dB re 1 m −1 . Then, it is reasonable to assume that the social conditions that fish experienced in the high‐density school may reflect those of C. harengus in the wild during periods where the prime motivation is survival rather than reproduction or feeding, while the low‐density school may correspond to school densities observed during periods in which the fitness trade‐offs may have shifted towards feeding.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Acquiring reliable quantitative measurements of behaviour of aquatic organisms in natural environments is a challenging task. The use of acoustics has proved to offer a unique opportunity to describe and quantify structural characteristics and the dynamic behaviour of fish shoals (Pitcher et al ., ; Simmonds & MacLennan, ; Holmin, ). This technique also allows for investigations of fine‐scale predator–prey interactions in the field (Handegard et al ., ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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School density affects the strength of collective avoidance responses in wild‐caught Atlantic herring Clupea harengus: a simulated predator encounter experiment

Rieucau

Robertis

Boswell

et al. 2014

Journal of Fish Biology

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An experimental study in a semi-controlled environment was conducted to examine whether school density in wild-caught Atlantic herring Clupea harengus affects the strength of their collective escape behaviours. Using acoustics, the anti-predator diving responses of C. harengus in two schools that differed in density were quantified by exposing them to a simulated threat. Due to logistical restrictions, the first fish was tested in a low-density school condition (four trials; packing density = 1.5 fish m(-3); c. 6000 fish) followed by fish in a high-density school condition (five trials; packing density = 16 fish m(-3); c. 60 000 fish). The C. harengus in a high-density school exhibited stronger collective diving avoidance responses to the simulated predators than fish in the lower-density school. The findings suggest that the density (and thus the internal organization) of a fish school affects the strength of collective anti-predatory responses, and the extent to which information about predation risk is transferred through the C. harengus school. Therefore, the results challenge the common notion that information transfer within animal groups may not depend on group size and density.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

School density affects the strength of collective avoidance responses in wild‐caught Atlantic herring Clupea harengus: a simulated predator encounter experiment

Rieucau

Robertis

Boswell

et al. 2014

Journal of Fish Biology

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“…While there are several notable studies that explore collective movement in situ [10,[42][43][44][45], recent technological advances are poised to dramatically improve our ability to collect data on the movements of animal groups. In this issue, Hughey et al [46] review the advances that now permit data collection on the movements of, and interactions within, animal groups in the wild, from animal-mounted biologgers [47] to aerial video [48] and acoustic [49] field imagery. Moreover, technology such as GPS-enabled data loggers may turn animals themselves into environmental sensors that can be used to capture fine-scale physical data, such as detailed maps of airflow within complex thermal updrafts [47].…”

Section: Overview Of Contributed Papersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Collective movement in ecology: from emerging technologies to conservation and management

Westley

Berdahl

Torney

et al. 2018

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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Recent advances in technology and quantitative methods have led to the emergence of a new field of study that stands to link insights of researchers from two closely related, but often disconnected disciplines: movement ecology and collective animal behaviour. To date, the field of movement ecology has focused on elucidating the internal and external drivers of animal movement and the influence of movement on broader ecological processes. Typically, tracking and/or remote sensing technology is employed to study individual animals in natural conditions. By contrast, the field of collective behaviour has quantified the significant role social interactions play in the decision-making of animals within groups and, to date, has predominantly relied on controlled laboratory-based studies and theoretical models owing to the constraints of studying interacting animals in the field. This themed issue is intended to formalize the burgeoning field of collective movement ecology which integrates research from both movement ecology and collective behaviour. In this introductory paper, we set the stage for the issue by briefly examining the approaches and current status of research in these areas. Next, we outline the structure of the theme issue and describe the obstacles collective movement researchers face, from data acquisition in the field to analysis and problems of scale, and highlight the key contributions of the assembled papers. We finish by presenting research that links individual and broad-scale ecological and evolutionary processes to collective movement, and finally relate these concepts to emerging challenges for the management and conservation of animals on the move in a world that is increasingly impacted by human activity.This article is part of the theme issue 'Collective movement ecology'.

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“…Backscatter (Sv) values were adjusted to correct for the effects of angular response of insonified juvenile pollock within the steered beams (Towler et al, 2003;Cutter and Demer, 2007;Holmin et al, 2012). This was done by averaging Sv values per beam (Svc) based on the evidence that the pollock were not responding to the vessel (Stienessen, 2015) and under the assumption the fish were not aligned geoghraphically.…”

Section: Defining and Isolating A Groupmentioning

confidence: 99%

External and internal grouping characteristics of juvenile walleye pollock in the Eastern Bering Sea

Stienessen

Wilson

Weber

et al. 2019

Aquat. Living Resour.

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Size and shape patterns of fish groups are collective outcomes of interactions among members. Consequently, group-level patterns are often affected when any member responds to changes in their internal state, external state, and environment. To determine how groups of fish respond to components of their physical and ecological environment, and whether the response is influenced by a component of their external state (i.e., fish age), we used a multibeam system to collect three-dimensional grouping characteristics of 5 age categories of juvenile walleye pollock (age 1, age 2, age 3, mixed ages 1 and 2, and mixed ages 2 and 3) across the eastern Bering Sea shelf over two consecutive years (2009–2010). Grouping data were expressed as metrics that described group size (length, height), shape (roundness, spread), internal structure (density, internal heterogeneity), and position (depth, distance above bottom). Physical data (water temperature measurements) were collected with temperature-depth probes, and ecological data (densities of predators and prey − adult walleye pollock and euphausiids, respectively) were collected with an EK60 vertical echosounder. Juvenile pollock maintained a relatively constant shape, size-dependent density (number fish/mean body length3), and internal horizontal heterogeneity among age categories and in the presence of predators and prey. There were changes to group structure in the face of local physical forcing. Groups tended to move towards the seafloor when bottom waters became warmer, and groups became vertically shorter, denser, and had more variation in horizontal internal density as group depth increased. These results are explored in relation to the value and limitations of using multibeam data to describe how external and internal group structure map onto environmental influences.

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Simulations of multi-beam sonar echos from schooling individual fish in a quiet environment

Cited by 27 publications

References 51 publications

School density affects the strength of collective avoidance responses in wild‐caught Atlantic herring Clupea harengus: a simulated predator encounter experiment

School density affects the strength of collective avoidance responses in wild‐caught Atlantic herring Clupea harengus: a simulated predator encounter experiment

Collective movement in ecology: from emerging technologies to conservation and management

External and internal grouping characteristics of juvenile walleye pollock in the Eastern Bering Sea

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