“…Accurate computational results with the CZM approach for practical applications rely on the two most important cohesive parameters, cohesive energy and cohesive strength, which should be carefully calibrated. Usually, constant cohesive parameters such as constant cohesive strength and cohesive energy were adopted to simulate crack extensions in ductile metals (Roychowdhury et al 2002;Cornec et al 2003;Brocks 2003, 2006;Sung et al 2019;Wu et al 2020). For a fracture specimen or structure, where the size requirements of the plane strain conditions of the linear elastic fracture mechanics are satisfied at crack initiation and during crack extension, the selection of the cohesive energy can be a constant value related to the fracture toughness at crack initiation and during crack extension.…”