Simulations of 2D and 3D thermocapillary flows by a least-squares finite element method

Thermocapillary and thermoelectric effects in liquid lithium plasma facing components

“…[16][17][18][19]. In particular, a traction surface boundary condition proportional to the temperature gradient [20] was introduced in the HIMAG code [16][17][18] to account for thermocapillary forces, and a novel thin wall TE boundary condition was introduced to the 2D model [19] to include the effect of TE currents. Both analyses calculate the heat transfer self-consistently.…”