“…In further investigations oscillatory suction and blowing was found to be much more efficient with respect to lift than steady blowing. [11][12][13] The process becomes very efficient if the excitation frequencies correspond to the most unstable frequencies of the free shear layer, generating arrays of spanwise vortices that are convected downstream and continue to mix across the shear layer. Suction and blowing can be applied tangential to the airfoil surface, 14 perpendicular 15 or with cyclic vortical oscillation.…”