Simulation of Whiplash Trauma Using Whole Cervical Spine Specimens

Panjabi, Manohar M.; Cholewicki, Jacek; Nibu, Kimio; Babat, L. Brett; Dvořák, Jiří

doi:10.1097/00007632-199801010-00005

Cited by 131 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Of note, the intervertebral motions observed here were similar to the cervical spine motions observed in vivo [16]. Next, a simulation of a whiplash trauma was performed with the specimen mounted on a specially designed sled [13], which was subjected to 2.5, 4.5, 6.5, and 8.5 g (1 g = 9.81 m/s 2) horizontal acceleration. A head surrogate, free to move within the sagittal plane, was attached to the occiput to simulate the inertial forces acting on the cervical spine during the whiplash.…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 62%

Dynamic elongation of the vertebral artery during an in vitro whiplash simulation

et al. 1997

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Clinical signs of whiplash are presently not well understood. Vertebral artery (VA) stretch during trauma is a possible pathomechanism that could explain some aspects of the whiplash symptom complex. This study quantified the VA elongation during whiplash simulation using an in vitro model. Seven fresh human cadaverjc specimens (occiput to C7 or T1) were carefully dissected, preserving the osteoligamentous structures. The right VA was replaced with a thin nylon-coated flexible cable. This cable was fixed at one end to the occipital bone and at the other end to a specially designed VA transducer. Physiological motion of the occiput and physiological elongation of the VA were measured with a standard flexibility test. Next the specimen was mounted on a specially designed sled and subjected to 2.5, 4.5, 6.5, and 8.5 g (1 g = 9.81 m/s 2) horizontal accelerations. Elongation of the VA was continuously recorded from the start of the trauma. The average (standard deviation) physiological VA elongation was 5.8 (1.6) mm in left lateral bending and 4.7 (1.8) mm in left axial rotation. Flexion and extension did not result in any appreciable elongation of the VA. The maximum VA elongation during the whiplash trauma significantly correlated with the horizontal acceleration of the sled (R 2 = 0.7, P < 0.05). The VA exceeded its physiological range by 1.0 (2.1), 3.1 (2.6), 8.9 (1.6), and 9.0 (5.9) mm in the 2.5-, 4.5-, 6.5-, and 8.5-g trauma classes respectively.

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 62%

Dynamic elongation of the vertebral artery during an in vitro whiplash simulation

et al. 1997

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“…These limitations, including the fixation of T1 to the trauma sled and lack of active muscle force simulation, have been addressed previously [6,31,32,33]. The calculation of ALL strains was based on the assumption that the vertebra and its motion-tracking flag constituted a rigid body.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rear-impact whiplash simulation was performed using a previously developed bench-top sled apparatus [15,31]. An incremental trauma protocol was used to rear-impact the WCS+MFR model at 3.5, 5, 6.5 and 8 g, following the initial 2 g dynamic pre-conditioning that was necessary due to the viscoelastic behavior of the soft tissues [26].…”

Section: Trauma Production and Monitoringmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Injury of the anterior longitudinal ligament during whiplash simulation

Ivancic

Pearson

Panjabi

et al. 2004

European Spine Journal

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“…In an effort to validate the model for rear-end impacts the model has been used to simulate the benchtop trauma sled experiments conducted by Panjabi and co-workers [11,[23][24][25] performed using isolated cervical spine specimens. These studies used cadaveric cervical spine specimens stripped of all non-ligamentous soft tissues mounted to a bench top sled device where an acceleration pulse is applied to the base of the specimen to reproduce whiplash trauma.…”

Section: Simulation Of Whiplashmentioning

confidence: 99%

A computational model of the human head and neck system for the analysis of whiplash motion

Lopik¹,

Acar²

2004

International Journal of Crashworthiness

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A computational model of the human head and neck system for the analysis of whiplash motion Abstract -This paper presents the development and validation of a three-dimensional multi-body model of the human head and neck for the study of whiplash motion. The model has been validated against experimental data for small and large static loading conditions. The resulting main and coupled displacements of the individual motion segments have been shown to be accurate and the moment generating capacity of the neck muscle elements realistic. The model has been used for the dynamic simulation of impacts in frontal, lateral and rear-end directions. For rear-end impacts the characteristics of 'whiplash' motion have been accurately reproduced in terms of head and vertebral kinematics The model results with active musculature suggest that, for rear-end impact, the influence of active muscle response is unable to significantly alter the head and neck kinematics of an initially unaware occupant but will affect the forces developed in the cervical soft-tissues.

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Simulation of Whiplash Trauma Using Whole Cervical Spine Specimens

Cited by 131 publications

References 20 publications

Dynamic elongation of the vertebral artery during an in vitro whiplash simulation

Dynamic elongation of the vertebral artery during an in vitro whiplash simulation

Injury of the anterior longitudinal ligament during whiplash simulation

A computational model of the human head and neck system for the analysis of whiplash motion

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