Simulation of the runaway electron beam formed in a discharge in air at atmospheric pressure

Oreshkin, E. V.; Barengolts, S. A.; Chaikovsky, S. A.; Oreshkin, V. I.

doi:10.1063/1.3695349

Cited by 19 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Before the discovery of X‐rays from lightning, it was not clear that such conditions exist in the atmosphere to allow the CRE to occur. Researchers have suggested that fields exceeding E c can be produced at streamer tips in association with lightning leaders [ Moss et al , ; Oreshkin et al , ]. In this scenario, the runaway electrons can be produced from the free low‐energy electron population and then gain just enough energy to continue their path through Wilson's runaway electron mechanism from the lower field region in front of the leaders.…”

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

The energy spectrum of X‐rays from rocket‐triggered lightning

et al. 2015

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Although the production of X‐rays from natural and rocket‐triggered lightning leaders have been studied in detail over the last 10 years, the energy spectrum of the X‐rays has never been well measured because the X‐rays are emitted in very short but intense bursts that result in pulse pileup in the detectors. The energy spectrum is important because it provides information about the source mechanism for producing the energetic runaway electrons and about the electric fields that they traverse. We have recently developed and operated the first spectrometer for the energetic radiation from lightning. The instrument is part of the Atmospheric Radiation Imagery and Spectroscopy (ARIS) project and will be referred to as ARIS‐S (ARIS Spectrometer). It consists of seven 3′′ NaI(Tl)/photomultiplier tube scintillation detectors with different thicknesses of attenuators, ranging from no attenuator to more than 1′′ of lead placed over the detector (all the detectors are in a 1/8′′ thick aluminum box). Using X‐ray pulses preceding 48 return strokes in 8 rocket‐triggered lightnings, we found that the spectrum of X‐rays from leaders is too soft to be consistent with Relativistic Runaway Electron Avalanche. It has a power law dependence on the energies of the photons, and the power index, λ, is between 2.5 and 3.5. We present the details of the design of the instrument and the results of the analysis of the lightning data acquired during the summer of 2012.

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Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

The energy spectrum of X‐rays from rocket‐triggered lightning

et al. 2015

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“…Each of the thresholds is approximately an order of magnitude larger than the previous one. It is legitimate to assume that thermal threshold may be exceeded in streamers' tips in sprites and lightnings (Moss et al, 2006) and in sparks at atmospheric pressure (Oreshkin et al, 2012).…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

Theoretical Problems Underlying Sprite Observations of the Planned Taranis Satellite Mission

Jujeczko

2019

Artificial Satellites

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Tool for the Analysis of Radiations from lightnings and Sprites (TARANIS) is a French Space Agency's (CNES) satellite mission planned for launch in 2020. It is designed for investigating phenomena related to thunderstorm activity, transient luminous events (TLEs) and amongst them -red sprites. The satellite is equipped with cameras, photometers, energetic particles detectors, ion probe and electromagnetic sensors of wide frequency spectrum. It will be the most versatile satellite for measuring TLEs ever sent to space. In this article, theories that are fundamental for understanding sprites and sprites-related measurements of TARANIS mission are presented. The current state of sprites phenomenology and their possible generation mechanisms are presented. The article briefly covers streamer discharges, cloud charge structure at the TLE occurrence, electric breakdown of the air and Runaway Relativistic Electron Avalanche (RREA). At the end, TARANIS mission equipment and goals that are related to presented theories are presented.

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“…In this case, a negative superficial charge is concentrated at the hemisphere surface which screens the external electric field. The number of electrons at the hemisphere surface (in the Debye layer) is given [14]…”

Section: Simulation Of the Evolution Of A Runaway Electron Beam In Highly Overvolted Gas Dischargesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…where E ez is the electric field strength at the EZ surface. As conditions for runaway of electrons from the EZ surface are realized, electrons are injected with the current density [14] 2 / 3 23…”

Section: Simulation Of the Evolution Of A Runaway Electron Beam In Highly Overvolted Gas Dischargesmentioning

confidence: 99%

An avalanche of runaway electrons formed in an air discharge

Oreshkin

Barengolts

Chaikovsky

et al. 2014

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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Numerical simulation and analysis of energy loss in a nanosecond spark gap switch I V Lavrinovich and V I Oreshkin-Effect of electron extraction from a grid plasma cathode on the generation of emission plasma V N Devyatkov and N N Koval-Optimization of the vacuum insulator stack of the MIG pulsed power generator G Khamzakhan and S A Chaikovsky-Recent citations Simulation of a runaway electron avalanche developing in an atmospheric pressure air discharge E. V. Oreshkin et al-Runaway electron beam in atmospheric pressure discharges E V Oreshkin et al-This content was downloaded from IP address 54.149.104.195 on 09/05 Abstract. A numerical simulation of a beam of runaway electrons formed from an individual emission zone on a cathode has been performed for discharges in air of atmospheric pressure. The model is based on solving numerically two-dimensional equations of motion for the electrons and allows one to describe the dynamics of the fast electrons injected from the surface of the emission zone. In calculations it was supposed that the electric field at the surface of the emission zone is enhanced due to which conditions are realized for the electrons injected from the surface to switch into the mode of continuous acceleration. 1. Introduction Runaway electrons (RE) were discovered in atmospheric pressure discharges in the late 1960th [1]. An RE beam passing through a gas initiates, due to avalanche multiplication of fast electrons, breakdown, which has been termed runaway electron breakdown (REB) [2, 3]. It is supposed that REBs take place in lightning discharges. The possibility of existence of REBs gave impetus to both theoretical [2-4] and experimental research [5,6] of RE avalanches. An RE avalanche was observed in an atmospheric pressure air discharge when the average electric field in the gap, E av , was much greater than the dc breakdown electric field, E br [6]. These experiments have shown that the pulsed RE current in discharges with E av >> E br has the following structure. Its first portion of duration some tens of picoseconds, showing a strongly pronounced current peak, consists of high-energy runaway electrons. These are the electrons emitted from the cathode region where the field is enhanced due to the cathode geometry. Subsequently, with some delay, a second peak of RE current or a section of slowly decreasing current arises. This was accounted for by the formation of an avalanche of runaway electrons. The duration of the secondary electron beam was of the order of 100 ps and its current could be an order of magnitude greater than the current of the primary runaway electron beam. This took place if it was possible to avoid the decrease in electric field in the gap caused by the passage of the primary beam. Laboratory investigations of REs in high pressure gas discharges are carried out both at microsecond rise times of the gap voltage [1,7,8] for E av < E br and at subnanosecond rise times (that is, in overvolted electrode gaps) [5,6,9] for E av >> E br. In the latter case, the mechanism of fo...

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Simulation of the runaway electron beam formed in a discharge in air at atmospheric pressure

Cited by 19 publications

References 30 publications

The energy spectrum of X‐rays from rocket‐triggered lightning

The energy spectrum of X‐rays from rocket‐triggered lightning

Theoretical Problems Underlying Sprite Observations of the Planned Taranis Satellite Mission

An avalanche of runaway electrons formed in an air discharge

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