Abstract:ABSTRACT:The study evaluated the energy performance of pig farming integrated with maize production in mechanized no-tillage system. In this proposed conception of integration, the swine excrement is used as fertilizers in the maize crop. The system was designed involving the activities associated to the pig management and maize production (soil management, cultivation and harvest). A one-year period of analysis was considered, enabling the production of three batches of pigs and two crops of maize. To evaluat… Show more
“…For the Netherlands, allocation also included the flower production sector, due to its huge importance in the agriculture of this country. A special attention was placed on electricity use, starting with accurate estimates of electricity consumption per head (average among cattle, dairy cows, buffaloes, pigs, chickens, turkeys, goats and sheeps) (Turco et al 2002;European Commission 2003;Hospido et al 2003;Ja ¨kel 2003;Ogino et al 2004Ogino et al , 2008Angonese et al 2006;Chen et al 2006;ADEME 2007;Galan et al 2007;Meul et al 2007;Agoramoorthy 2008;Dick et al 2008;Cederberg et al 2009;CRPA 2009;Marcon 2009;Souza et al 2009;Thomassen et al 2009; Chambre Re ´gionale d'Agriculture des Pays de la Loire 2010; Zappavigna 2010; Arizpe et al 2011;Gasparatos 2011;Nielsen et al 2011;Ribaudo 2011;Ripoll-Bosch et al 2011;Rotolo et al 2011;AgrEE 2012;Kanyarushoki et al 2012;Kythreotou et al 2012;Rossi and Gastaldo 2012;Perin et al 2012;Teng et al 2012;Zhang et al 2012;Bengtsson and Seddon 2013;Doublet et al 2013;Franzese et al 2013;MacLeod et al 2013;Reckmann et al 2013;Ghisellini et al 2014;Gonza ´les-Garcia et al 2014;Huang et al 2014;…”
Agriculture is expected to provide food in a sustainable manner while also partially contributing to the energy problem as well as to bio-material supply. Moreover, fossil fuels scarcity calls for an increase of energy efficiency in agricultural processes. This study evaluates patterns, trends, driving factors and trade-offs of energy use in selected agricultural systems and aims at grouping them into clusters with similar energy and social performances. Results show that in 2010 the highest power densities and energy intensities of production are found by crop sector of cluster 5 (China: 59.19 GJ/ha, 15.29 MJ/kg dm) and cluster 3 (Japan: 50.11 GJ/ha, 12.32 MJ/kg dm) as well as by livestock sector of cluster 3 (Japan: 328.47 GJ/ha, 103.08 MJ/kg dm), while the lowest values in clusters 2 and 4, including selected developing countries and USA. Cluster 3 (Japan) also shows the lowest energy intensity of economic value of crops (2.75 MJ/$), while cluster 5 (China) the highest one (23.96 MJ/$). Cluster analysis also sheds light on trends, identifying two groups: cluster 1*, gathering most European countries, USA and Japan, characterized by a decreasing trend of all energy indicators; and cluster 2*, including developing countries, the Netherlands and Spain, characterized by an increasing trend of indicators. Results highlight the importance of an integrated framework for evaluating energy use as well as of a multi-criteria approach to understand the trade-offs and interplay of performance indicators
“…For the Netherlands, allocation also included the flower production sector, due to its huge importance in the agriculture of this country. A special attention was placed on electricity use, starting with accurate estimates of electricity consumption per head (average among cattle, dairy cows, buffaloes, pigs, chickens, turkeys, goats and sheeps) (Turco et al 2002;European Commission 2003;Hospido et al 2003;Ja ¨kel 2003;Ogino et al 2004Ogino et al , 2008Angonese et al 2006;Chen et al 2006;ADEME 2007;Galan et al 2007;Meul et al 2007;Agoramoorthy 2008;Dick et al 2008;Cederberg et al 2009;CRPA 2009;Marcon 2009;Souza et al 2009;Thomassen et al 2009; Chambre Re ´gionale d'Agriculture des Pays de la Loire 2010; Zappavigna 2010; Arizpe et al 2011;Gasparatos 2011;Nielsen et al 2011;Ribaudo 2011;Ripoll-Bosch et al 2011;Rotolo et al 2011;AgrEE 2012;Kanyarushoki et al 2012;Kythreotou et al 2012;Rossi and Gastaldo 2012;Perin et al 2012;Teng et al 2012;Zhang et al 2012;Bengtsson and Seddon 2013;Doublet et al 2013;Franzese et al 2013;MacLeod et al 2013;Reckmann et al 2013;Ghisellini et al 2014;Gonza ´les-Garcia et al 2014;Huang et al 2014;…”
Agriculture is expected to provide food in a sustainable manner while also partially contributing to the energy problem as well as to bio-material supply. Moreover, fossil fuels scarcity calls for an increase of energy efficiency in agricultural processes. This study evaluates patterns, trends, driving factors and trade-offs of energy use in selected agricultural systems and aims at grouping them into clusters with similar energy and social performances. Results show that in 2010 the highest power densities and energy intensities of production are found by crop sector of cluster 5 (China: 59.19 GJ/ha, 15.29 MJ/kg dm) and cluster 3 (Japan: 50.11 GJ/ha, 12.32 MJ/kg dm) as well as by livestock sector of cluster 3 (Japan: 328.47 GJ/ha, 103.08 MJ/kg dm), while the lowest values in clusters 2 and 4, including selected developing countries and USA. Cluster 3 (Japan) also shows the lowest energy intensity of economic value of crops (2.75 MJ/$), while cluster 5 (China) the highest one (23.96 MJ/$). Cluster analysis also sheds light on trends, identifying two groups: cluster 1*, gathering most European countries, USA and Japan, characterized by a decreasing trend of all energy indicators; and cluster 2*, including developing countries, the Netherlands and Spain, characterized by an increasing trend of indicators. Results highlight the importance of an integrated framework for evaluating energy use as well as of a multi-criteria approach to understand the trade-offs and interplay of performance indicators
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