“…It is needed to understand the differences of water and N distributions in lowland soil profiles between paddy fields under AWD and CF irrigation for better practice of AWD irrigation. HYDRUS (Simunek et al, 2008) have been widely used to analyze the multi-layer soil water flow in paddy fields for preferential flow (Dash et al, 2014;Garg et al, 2009;Sander and Gerke, 2009;Tan et al, 2014), seepage across paddy fields bunds (Janssen and Lennartz, 2009), and heavy metal transport (Nguyen Ngoc et al, 2009). However, transport and transformations of N or other decayed chemicals in paddy fields were seldom investigated by HYDRUS modeling (Patil and Das, 2013), although it was popularly used for the analysis of N transport and transformations in dry land fields cultivated with other crops, such as maize (Crevoisier et al, 2008;Ramos et al, 2011;Ramos et al, 2012), wheat (Wang et al, 2010), onion (Ajdary et al, 2007), and corn (Mailhol et al, 2007).…”