Simulation of Chlorine Injection in Water Distribution Networks in Response to Contaminations

Contamination event diagnosis in drinking water networks: A review

“…Previous studies have listed a number of response actions that can be used during emergency management situations in contaminated WDS. These include: water network partitioning for the creation of isolated network sections (Ciaponi et al, 2018(Ciaponi et al, , 2019, pipe valve closure to change the network topology and isolate contaminated areas (Hu et al, 2022;Palleti et al, 2018), flushing water from hydrants to remove contaminated water from the network (Moghaddam et al, 2022(Moghaddam et al, , 2020Fasaee et al, 2020;Hu et al, 2020b), warning consumers to change water use (Shafiee & Zechman, 2013;Kadinski et al, 2022), filtration of water (Cossali et al, 2016;Montenegro-Ayo et al, 2020;Silvestry-Rodriguez et al, 2007), boosting disinfection (Parks & VanBriesen, 2009;Karamouz et al, 2022;Van Bel et al, 2019;Helbling & VanBriesen, 2009), and slug-feed disinfection (Qiu et al, 2021). A combination of the aforementioned strategies can be applied to have a more effective response strategy.…”

The Failure Risk Analysis of the Water Supply Network

“…Vulnerabilities leading to disruptions or contamination events can result in dire health consequences [15][16][17]. According to the findings presented in reference [18], the primary factors contributing to the approximately 600 emergency events that transpired in the water distribution subsystem within the United States from 1971 to 1998 were attributed to insufficient water treatment practices (accounting for 44.1% of incidents) and the occurrence of chemical and microbiological contamination within the water distribution subsystem (constituting 18.3% of incidents). These issues arose as a consequence of secondary water contamination.…”