Simulation of Average Turbulent Pipe Flow: A Three-Equation Model

Abstract

The aim of this study is to evaluate a three-equation turbulence model applied to pipe flow. Uncertainty is approximated by comparing with published direct numerical simulation results for fully-developed average pipe flow. The model is based on the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equations. Boussinesq hypothesis is invoked for determining the Reynolds stresses. Three local length scales are solved, based on which the eddy viscosity is calculated. There are two parameters in the model; one accounts for surface roughness and the other is possibly attributed to the fluid. Error in the mean axial velocity and Reynolds stress is found to be negligible.

Black Hole Shock

“…A solution to this mystery will advance fluid dynamics immensely [8] [9]. Superrelativity might be accepted as a prize-worthy solution.…”