Simulation of an underwater acoustic communication channel characterized by wind-generated surface waves and bubbles

Dol, Henry; Ainslie, Michael A.; Colin, M.E.G.D.; Janmaat, J.

doi:10.1121/1.4772935

Cited by 14 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Scattering of signals in strongly wind-influenced surface layers will, due to air bubbles (Medwin & Clay, 1998) and multipath (Dol et al, 2013), not only increase the sound attenuation in these layers, but also contribute to increased background noise levels, even at larger depth.…”

Section: Variables Influencing Detection Probabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental factors influence the detection probability in acoustic telemetry in a marine environment: results from a new setup

et al. 2018

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Acoustic telemetry is a commonly applied method to investigate the ecology of marine animals and provides a scientific basis for management and conservation. Crucial insight in animal behaviour and ecosystem functioning and dynamics is gained through acoustic receiver networks that are established in many different environments around the globe. The main limitation to this technique is the ability of the receivers to detect the signals from tagged animals present in the nearby area. To interpret acoustic data correctly, understanding influencing factors on the detection probability is critical. Therefore, range test studies are an essential part of acoustic telemetry research. Here, we investigated whether specific environmental factors (i.e. wind, currents, waves, background noise, receiver tilt and azimuth) influence the receiver detection probability for a permanent acoustic receiver network in Belgium. Noise and wind speed in relation to distance, the interaction of receiver tilt and azimuth and current speed were the most influential variables affecting the detection probability in this environment. The study indicated that there is high detection probability up to a distance of circa 200 m. A new setup, making use of features that render valuable information for data analysis and interpretation, was tested and revealed general applicability.

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Section: Variables Influencing Detection Probabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental factors influence the detection probability in acoustic telemetry in a marine environment: results from a new setup

et al. 2018

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“…However, the underwater acoustic channel is one of the most complex channels among all changing. In addition, the coherence bandwidth and fading feature also vary over time, which can cause inter-symbol interference (ISI) [4,5].…”

Section: ⅰ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Sea Surface Scattering on Performance of QPSK

Xue¹,

Seo²,

Park³

et al. 2014

Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication

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Time-variant sea surface causes a forward scattering and Doppler spreading in received signal on underwater acoustic communication system. This results in time-varying amplitude, frequency and phase variation of the received signal. In such a way the channel coherence bandwidth and fading feature also change with time. Consequently, the system performance is degraded and high-speed coherent digital communication is disrupted. In this paper, quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) performance is examined in two different sea surface conditions. The impact of sea surface scattering on performance is analyzed on basis of the channel impulse response and temporal coherence using linear frequency modulation (LFM) signal. The impulse response and the temporal coherence of the rough sea surface condition were more unstable and less than that of the calm sea surface condition, respectively. By relating these with time variant envelope, amplitude and phase of received signal, it was found that the bit error rate (BER) of QPSK are closely related to time variation of sea surface state.키워드 : 해면산란, 다중경로 페이딩, 수중 음향 통신, 시간 일관성, QPSK

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“…For instance, it can be used to determine not only the required volumetric scattered field wavenumber K v in the Kuo's approach, but also the characteristics of underwater communication channels. Dol et al [23] reported that due to lack of data such as known 3D scattered fields from rough bubbly sea surface, their communication channel modeling encountered some setbacks. They also mentioned that the occurrence of long Doppler-spread reverberation tails in some frequency range may be due to the outof-plane scattering effects which are required for communication channels.…”

Section: Parametric Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…for a > a ref (23) The spectral slope s(z) is expressed as (24) Furthermore, for10 μm < a < a ref , G(a,z) is given as (25) In equations (23) and (25), a ref can be calculated using…”

Section: Bubbles Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In most of these subjects, it is necessary to provide an appropriate acoustic model in order to entail sea surface effects on the entry sound. Active control and acoustic response of structure and fluid interaction [9,10], attenuation and absorption [11], bubble plumes [12][13][14][15], sound transmission [16][17][18], sound propagation in shallow water [19][20][21] and surface waves [22][23] can be considered as important phenomena in the sea.There are different approaches adopted by investigators in order to examine sound scattering from the sea surface. These approaches can be categorized as experimental, theoretical, and numerical studies [24].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Low Frequency Sound Scattering from Rough Bubbly Ocean Surface: Small Perturbation Theory Based on the Reformed Helmholtz-Kirchhoff-Fresnel Method

Ghadimi

Bolghasi

Chekab

2015

Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control

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Through the use of perturbation theory, Kuo has previously introduced a joint surface roughness/volumetric model in order to characterize bubbly sea surface reverberation based on volumetric wave spectra, surface roughness wave spectrum, and correlation of volumetric wave spectrum and surface roughness wave spectrum. Due to the lack of undetermined volumetric scattered wave number K n , Kuo obtained backscattering strengths using only PiersonMoskwitz wave spectrum. In this paper, the reformed integral equation of authentic Helmholtz-Kirchhoff-Fresnel is discussed in which volumetric scattering is involved. By applying the reformed Helmholtz-Kirchhoff-Fresnel, volumetric scattered acoustic pressure field P n is obtained. Using Helmholtz wave equation and the obtained pressure field P n , the wave number vector of volumetric scattered field K n is calculated, and this used to compute the volumetric wave spectrum and the joint surface roughness/volumetric wave spectrum. The obtained spectra are then used to compute scattering strengths. Comparison of the obtained results against the results of experimental Critical Sea Tests shows good agreement. Finally, a parametric study is conducted to examine the effects of wind speeds, grazing angles, and frequencies on the scattering strengths. Keywords: Small Perturbation Method; Sound Scattering; Helmholtz-KirchhoffFresnel Integral; Bubble Plumes INTRODUCTIONEffects of sea surface on the incident sound have been examined by different acousticians due to its important role on sound propagation and reverberation and wide variety of sound applications in underwater environment. Underwater acoustic communication channels [1][2][3][4][5], sound emission from the submerged and floating objects [6,7], sound scattering of underwater sources from the sea surface [8] are among the most important subjects in underwater acoustics related to sea surface effects. In most of these subjects, it is necessary to provide an appropriate acoustic model in order to entail sea surface effects on the entry sound. Active control and acoustic response of structure and fluid interaction [9,10], attenuation and absorption [11], bubble plumes [12][13][14][15], sound transmission [16][17][18], sound propagation in shallow water [19][20][21] and surface waves [22][23] can be considered as important phenomena in the sea.There are different approaches adopted by investigators in order to examine sound scattering from the sea surface. These approaches can be categorized as experimental, theoretical, and numerical studies [24]. Several experimental studies

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Simulation of an underwater acoustic communication channel characterized by wind-generated surface waves and bubbles

Cited by 14 publications

References 14 publications

Environmental factors influence the detection probability in acoustic telemetry in a marine environment: results from a new setup

Environmental factors influence the detection probability in acoustic telemetry in a marine environment: results from a new setup

Impact of Sea Surface Scattering on Performance of QPSK

Low Frequency Sound Scattering from Rough Bubbly Ocean Surface: Small Perturbation Theory Based on the Reformed Helmholtz-Kirchhoff-Fresnel Method

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