Simulation of Ablating Hypersonic Vehicles with Finite-Rate Surface Chemistry

Farbar, Erin D.; Alkandry, Hicham; Wiebenga, Jonathan E.; Boyd, Iain D.

doi:10.2514/6.2014-2124

Cited by 10 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(34 reference statements)

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“…So, sublimation seems to produce a volume ablation whereas oxidation produces clean surfaces. These observations agrees well with the choice made on some ablation models where oxidation is treated as a surface-based degradation whereas sublimation is a volume-based one [42][43][44].…”

Section: Relations Between Carbon Organisation and Ablated Surface Featuressupporting

confidence: 88%

High-flux sublimation of a 3D carbon/carbon composite: Surface roughness patterns

Levet

Lachaud

Ducamp

et al. 2021

Carbon

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3D carbon-fibre reinforced carbon composites (3D C f /C) are used as thermal protection systems for atmospheric re-entry, where they are exposed to strong ablation. Particularly, sublimation of the carbonaceous material plays an important role during the re entry. To study this, an arc image furnace under controlled Argon flow is used, with heat fluxes of 8 MW m −2 to 10 MW m −2 . The furnace and the sample thermal response have been numerically simulated prior to the experiments and match in-situ temperature measurements. Scanning electron microscopy and 3D profilometry with digital optical microscopy were used in order to characterise the epi-macro-structural and the epi-micro-structural roughness of the composite surface, evidencing a faster recession of the fibres as compared to the matrix. Carbon nanotextures have been assessed by using High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy and Polarised Light Optical Microscopy, showing that the matrix is more organised than the fibre.

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Section: Relations Between Carbon Organisation and Ablated Surface Featuressupporting

confidence: 88%

High-flux sublimation of a 3D carbon/carbon composite: Surface roughness patterns

Levet

Lachaud

Ducamp

et al. 2021

Carbon

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“…CFD/ablation coupling has been explored in a number of efforts in the past with varying degrees of coupling. [12][13][14][15] For this work, we have developed the ability to generate aeroheating data using a hypersonic computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code. The CFD code is run at iso-thermal cold wall conditions and the corresponding heating information (typically a heat transfer coefficient, recovery enthalpy and pressure) is mapped from the CFD solution to a non-matching surface grid of the ablation sample.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Multi-Dimensional Finite Element Based Solver for Decomposing and Non-Decomposing Thermal Protection Systems

Howard

Blackwell

2015

45th AIAA Thermophysics Conference

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A multi-dimensional finite element solver for decomposing and non-decomposing ablating materials has recently been developed and is discussed in this paper. The underlying mathematical and material models are presented along with its discretization via the finite element method. The governing equations and solution algorithm is based on the one-dimensional control-volume finite element method (CVFEM) Chaleur code, a successful ablation code in use at Sandia National Labs, and this paper represents a multi-dimensional extension of Chaleur. The Equilibrium Surface Thermochemistry (EST) code, an equilibrium gas/surface thermochemistry code for decomposing and non-decomposing materials that was previously developed by the authors is used in conjunction with this new multi-dimensional ablation code to provide ablation thermochemistry information (i.e. B c and enthalpy tables). This new multi-dimensional ablation response code is first applied to solve two established code-to-code comparison problems with tabular aeroheating data. Another aspect of this work has been to develop the ability to couple CFD-based aeroheating data to the ablation code as a spatial and time variant boundary condition. Towards this end, we have established a one-way passing of aeroheating data from a hypersonic CFD code to the ablation code. We then examine the problem of simulating the ablation response of non-decomposing and decomposing materials in two arc-jet facilities. NomenclatureRoman symbols B c dimensionless ablation rate B g dimensionless pyrolysis gas transfer rate C H dimensionless heat transfer coefficient C M dimensionless mass transfer coefficient ρ e u e C H dimensional heat transfer coefficient (kg/s − m 2 ) ρ e u e C M dimensional mass transfer coefficient (kg/s − m 2 ) (ρv) w boundary layer mass flux (kg/s − m 2 ) c v volumetric specific heat (J/kg − K) D elastic constitutive tensor E Arrhenius activation energy (J/kg) e internal energy (J/kg) h enthalpy (J/kg) k thermal conductivity (W/m − K) or Arrhenius pre-exponent factor (s −1 ) M pyrolysis gas molecular weighṫ m mass flux (kg/s − m 2 ) n unit normal p pressure (P a) Q heat source term (J/s − m 3 or W/m 3 ) This material is declared a work of the U.S. Government and is not subject to copyright protection in the United States. AIAA Aviation q heat flux (J/s − m 2 or W/m 2 ) R gas constant (J/kg − K) T temperature (K) t time (s) u displacement (m) v velocity (m/s) W finite element test function x spatial coordinate (m) Greek symbols dimensionless radiative emissivity or elastic strain Γ dimensionless volume fraction or surface of a domain κ permeability (m 2 ) µ dynamic viscosity (kg/s − m) Ω interior of a domaiṅ ω mass source term (kg/s − m 3 ) φ dimensionless porosity ρ density (kg/m 3 ) σ radiative Stefan-Boltzmann constant (W/m 2 − K 4 ) or elastic stress (N/m 2 ) Subscripts cchar quantity e boundary layer edge quantity g gas quantity i, j, k, l index notation identifiers ∞ far-field quantity v virgin quantity w wall quantity

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Multi-physical Analysis of Ablation Based on Peridynamics

Huang,

Wu,

et al. 2023

Mechanisms and Machine Science

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Simulation of Ablating Hypersonic Vehicles with Finite-Rate Surface Chemistry

Cited by 10 publications

References 31 publications

High-flux sublimation of a 3D carbon/carbon composite: Surface roughness patterns

High-flux sublimation of a 3D carbon/carbon composite: Surface roughness patterns

A Multi-Dimensional Finite Element Based Solver for Decomposing and Non-Decomposing Thermal Protection Systems

Multi-physical Analysis of Ablation Based on Peridynamics

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